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Dr. Punit Kumar Singh

College Librarian

CMP Degree College, Prayagraj

How To Prepare A Scholarly Document

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Scholarly Document

Output of an academic research in a specific subject
Includes

Thesis
Dissertation / Project Work
Synopsis
Abstract
Research Paper / Conference paper
Project Paper
Book Chapter based on research
Book based on research findings

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How to..

Plan for Research, Research Topic, Research Problem, Research Statement, Research Methodology
Prepare Document

Abstract
Different Framework and its attributes

Do proper referencing
Avoid plagiarism
Improve the quality of the document

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Common Story

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Common Questions

When … to start research
What … research subject/ topic/ statement/ problem
Where … to start
How … to start writing
.
.
.

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Process/Plan

Research Area
Study of related literature
Research Plan: methodology, limitations, etc.
Feasibility Analysis for research tools, equipment, lab, etc.
Pilot Study
Documentation

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Research Area

Broader Subject

e.g. Organic Chemistry

Narrower Subject

e.g. cyclic compounds

Micro-subject

e.g. alicyclic hydrocarbons

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Research Area

Hot Topics
Further Research
Research Gaps

Conference Brochure
Scholarly Journals
Conference Proceedings
Theses Repositories
Synopsis Repositories

Research Article
Thesis

Bibliometric Analysis
Scientometric Analysis
Altmetric Analysis
Social Network Analysis

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Selection of Research Topic

Select a recent topic
Define your topic
Collect quality research articles in your topic

Research Area:

Library Services

Research topic:

AI in Library Services

Research Statement/ Title

Bibliometric Analysis of research publications on use of AI in Library Services

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Information Sources and its types

Information sources are everywhere and in different formats. The sources you choose for your research will depend on your information need.

Generally, information sources are categorized in three types:

Primary Sources

Secondary Sources

Tertiary Sources

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How To Search Sources

Tertiary

Secondary

Primary

Nature

Physics Abstract

Current Sciences

Tertiary Sources: Index, Directory, Bibliography of bibliographies

Secondary Sources: Abstracts, Yearbooks, Encyclopedias, Dictionaries,

Primary Source: Scholarly Journals, Patents, Conference Proceedings, Advances, etc.

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When and Which to Use

Use an encyclopedia for summary or background information.
Use a book for a more comprehensive analysis of your topic.
Use a newspaper or magazine for current topics.
Use a scholarly journal, Conference Proceedings, etc. for information on original research in a specific field.

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Scholarly Publications

Databases e.g. Jstor, Science Direct, Taylor& Francis etc.
E-Journal (Subscribed / Open Access Journals)
Research Papers (Google/ Google Scholars/ Researchgate/ Academia)

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Collecting of Related Literature

Scholarly Journals
Conference Proceedings
References
Citations

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Research Question/ Statement

Recognition of importance of your research question (strong) and its benefit
Evaluation and selection of suitable research topic
Identify the features
Formulation a hypothesis (most probable answers) and identification of variables and limitations
Convert research topic into an appropriate research question
Again, testify the research question in terms of scope and resources, and a solid foundation for gaining insight
Criticise your research topic and research question several times according to a set of criteria

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Documentation

Proper Framework
High Quality Report Writing
Proper In-Text Citation (According to Reference Style)
Proper Referencing (According to the requirement of publisher)

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Framework

Synopsis/ Abstract/

Research Proposal

Introduction

Subject Description

Review of Literature
Need of the study
Statement of Research Problem
Explanation of Statement
Objectives of the study
Hypothesis
Research Methodology
Scope and limitations
Chapterization
References

Research Paper

Title
Affiliation
Abstract
Keywords

Introduction

Subject description
Research Problem

Review of Literature
Research Methodology
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Findings {Result
Conclusions
Further Research (if any)
Acknowledgement (if any)
References
Attachments (if any)

Thesis/ Dissertations

Preliminary Page:

Cover Page
Certificates
Preface
Acknowledgement
TOC etc.

Introduction
Subject Description
Review of Literature
Research Methodology
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Findings
Conclusions
Bibliography

Appendices

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Common Headings

Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Review of Literature
Research Methodology
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Findings
Conclusions
References

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Abstract and Keywords

Commonly author abstract
Used to get insight about the study
Includes:

Purpose
Research Design/

methodology/ approach

Findings
Originality/Value

Keywords:

At least 5

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Introduction

Introduce your research topic
Support it with earlier research with proper citation
Clearly define your research problem
Includes:

Description of micro-subject
Objective and scope of the study
Relevance of present study

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Review of Literature

Precise and concise language
Paraphrased, Avoid copy and paste from abstract of the paper
Must be related to the research problem
Set inclusion/exclusion criteria
Correlate one review to another
mention gaps and limitations
Properly cited

For Chemistry Subject:

Focus on specific areas:

Chemistry research often involves specialized areas (e.g., organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, materials science). Tailor your review to these specific areas.

Consider experimental methodologies:

Pay attention to the experimental techniques used in different studies and their impact on the results.

Address controversies and debates:

Highlight areas of disagreement or debate within the field.

Relate findings to broader chemical principles:

Connect the specific research to fundamental chemical concepts and theories.

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Research Methodology�(Matter and Method)

Clarity and Precision
Past tense and passive voice
Includes:

Data collection Method
Experimental method
Statistical methods and software used
Documentation and graphical representation software if any

Includes: (In chemistry subject)

Study Design: Briefly describe the overall approach (e.g., experimental, computational, theoretical).
Materials: Detail the chemicals, reagents, and equipment used.
Procedures: Explain the experimental steps, including reaction conditions, purification methods, and characterization techniques.
Data Analysis: Describe how data was collected and analyzed, including statistical methods.
Limitations (if applicable

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Data Analysis and Interpretation

For Chemistry:
Significant Figures
Units: Clearly indicate units for all measurements and calculations.
Chemical Structures: Use appropriate software to draw chemical structures.
Literature Review: include review of relevant literature to provide context and support your analysis.

Clear and Concise Language:

Use appropriate terminology and avoid jargon that may not be understood by all readers.

Visualizations:

Employ graphs, charts, and other visualizations to highlight key findings and patterns.

Contextualization:

Explain the significance of the data and its relevance to the broader context of the research or experiment.

Recommendations and Conclusions:

Summarize the main findings, draw conclusions, and suggest potential next steps.

Transparency:

Be open about any limitations or constraints that may have influenced the study.

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Findings and Conclusion

Findings

To the point
Completeness
Correlate with objectives
test the hypotheses

Conclusion

Restate the Problem:

Briefly remind the reader of the research question or objective.

Summarize Findings:

Concisely summarize the key results and how they relate to the research question.

Interpret Results:

Discuss the significance of the findings and how they contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

Implications:

Explain the broader implications of the findings and their potential impact.

Future Directions:

Suggest potential avenues for future research based on the current findings.

Limitations:

If not already discussed in the discussion section, mention any limitations of the study.

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Citing and Referencing

Citing:

to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened
to mention the original source from where the particular written work taken from

Referencing:

Creating a list of cited sources

* Bibliography: a reference list including that sources which are also read but not cited.

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Citing

Citing is important:

to gathered evidence to support your ideas and arguments
to use credible, good quality sources
to be read widely and at an appropriate academic level
to differentiate between your own work to others,
to locate original sources to users

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Citation Rule

Two Citation Rule:

Author-Date styles

put the author's name inside the text of the assignment
e.g. APA, MLA, and Harvard

Documentary-Note styles

put the author's name in a footnote at the bottom of each page, or in an endnote at the end of the assignment
e.g. Chicago, OSCOLA, JILI and Oxford, ACS, RSC, IEEE

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Citation Style

A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).

A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.

(source: https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp)

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Citation Styles

APA (American Psychological Association) 6^th ed.
ASA (American Sociological Association)
AMA (American Medical Association)
APSA (American Political Science Association)
Chicago Manual of Style 17^th ed.
MLA (Modern Language Association) 8^th ed.
Nature
IEEE
Vancouver
OSCOLA (Law)
JILI Style (Law)
Many others…

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How to do I choose a citation style?

Citation Style	Preferred Subjects
APA (American Psychological Association)	Education, Psychology, and Sciences
MLA (Modern Language Association)	Humanities
Chicago/ Turabian	Business, History, and the Fine Arts
OSCOLA (International) JILI (Indian)	Law
ACS, RSC	Chemistry

The selection of referencing style depends on the subject, journal or other sources i.e. Seminar, Conference, etc. where the article is thought to be published.

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APA Style

APA (American Psychological Association) Style originated in 1929.
Style provides guidelines for publication in Social Science Journals (such as Psychology, Sociology, Education, and Nursing).

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APA: in-text citation

For Short Quotation:

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Use quotation marks (“ ”)

Example:

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

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APA: in-text citation

For Long Quotation:

Place direct quotations that are more than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Example:

Jones's (1998) study found the following:

Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

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APA: in-text citation

For Summary and Paraphrazing:

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

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APA: in-text citation

Citing an Author/Authors

A Work by Two Authors:

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supported...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three to Five Authors:

(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

Six or More Authors:

Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author:

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using Citations," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

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APA: In-text Citation

Organization as an Author:

According to the American Psychological Association [APA] (2000),...

In second citation: (APA, 2000)

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses:

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors With the Same Last Name:

(E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year:

Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that.

Personal Communication:

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

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APA: In-text Citation

Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. e.g.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

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APA: In-text Citation

Electronic Sources

If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.

Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date:

If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").

Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

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Referencing

Start on a new page after the end of the text
Type the word “References” in uppercase and lowercase letters on the top line, centered
Double-space the entire reference page and all entries
Go on to additional pages as necessary

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Referencing Component

Author and Editor Information

Publication Date

Title

Publication Information

Locator Information for Electronic Sources

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APA: Reference List�Format

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APA Style Reference List

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Springer Nature Style

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What is plagiarism?

Stealing other’s work (e.g. tables, charts, graphs, ideas etc.)
Using other’s work without giving credit
Replication of other’s works

UGC Notification 2018 defines Plagiarism as the practice of taking someone else’s work or idea and passing them as one’s

How to Avoid Plagiarism

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Plagiarism:

Intentional or unintentional?

Both are not acceptable.

Types of Plagiarism

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Intentional Plagiarism:

1. Submission of other’s work as your own

2. Cutting and pasting from more than one source to create a paper without quoting or citing the sources.

3. Borrowing words or ideas from others without giving credit

Do you know: Intentional plagiarism is easy to catch.

Types of Plagiarism

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Unintentional Plagiarism:

1. paraphrasing and quoting without giving credit to original author

2. Dis-organized citations

3. Lack of understanding of the research process

4. Disengagement from the research process

Do You Know: Unintentional plagiarism is more common.

Types of Plagiarism

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Other types:

Word by word Plagiarising
Mosaic plagiarising
Paraphrasing

Types of Plagiarism

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UGC Regulation 2018

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UGC Regulation 2018

7. Similarity checks for exclusion from Plagiarism

The similarity checks for plagiarism shall exclude the following:

i. All quoted work reproduced with all necessary permission and/or attribution.

ii. All references, bibliography, table of content, preface and acknowledgements.

iii. All generic terms, laws, standard symbols and standards equations.

Note:

The research work carried out by the student, faculty, researcher and staff shall be based on original ideas, which shall include abstract, summary, hypothesis, observations, results, conclusions and recommendations only and shall not have any similarities. It shall exclude a common knowledge or coincidental terms, up to fourteen (14) consecutive words.

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UGC Regulation 2018

8. Levels of Plagiarism

Plagiarism would be quantified into following levels in ascending order of severity for the purpose of its definition:

i. Level 0: Similarities up to 10%

ii. Level 1: Similarities above 10% to 40%

iii. Level 2: Similarities above 40% to 60%

iv. Level 3: Similarities above 60%

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UGC Regulation 2018

12. Penalties

12.1 in submission of thesis and dissertations

i. Level 0: Similarities up to 10% - Minor Similarities, no penalty.

ii. Level 1: Similarities above 10% to 40% - Such student shall be asked to submit a revised script within a

stipulated time period not exceeding 6 months.

iii. Level 2: Similarities above 40% to 60% - Such student shall be debarred from submitting a revised script for a

period of one year.

iv. Level 3: Similarities above 60% -Such student registration for that program shall be cancelled.

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UGC Regulation 2018

12. Penalties

12.2 Penalties in case of plagiarism in academic and research publications

I. Level 0: Similarities up to 10% -

i) Minor similarities, no penalty.

II. Level 1: Similarities above 10% to 40%

i) Shall be asked to withdraw manuscript.

III. Level 2: Similarities above 40% to 60%

i) Shall be asked to withdraw manuscript.

ii) Shall be denied a right to one annual increment.

iii) Shall not be allowed to be a supervisor to any new Master’s, M.Phil., Ph.D. Student/scholar for a period of two years.

IV. Level 3: Similarities above 60%

i) Shall be asked to withdraw manuscript.

ii) Shall be denied a right to two successive annual increments.

iii) Shall not be allowed to be a supervisor to any new Master’s, M.Phil., Ph.D. Student/scholar for a period of three years.

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

How we can use other’s work:

1. By Quoting: Using author’s exact words

When we use:

Quote : When original work is more important to highlight the facts or to defend/ criticize your views similar with the original author. Quoting should be done in double inverted Commas (“…..”). Some time it may be used in italic font too.

Proper citation must be done when phrases, sentences, and paragraphs taken directly from the original source.

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

How we can use other’s work:

2. By Paraphrasing: Using other’s ideas and views in own words and sentence structure.

When we use:

Paraphrase: It is good to use own words when words are not important.

Proper citations must be done for all the sources from which ideas or views are taken.

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

How we can use other’s work:

3. By Summarizing: Using own words and sentence structures to provide brief summary of other’s work.

When we use:

Summary is important when we going to review the related literature or writing the book review. It requires large amount of relevant source material.

Proper citation must be done for all the sources.

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

Quoting

Keep the person’s name near the quote in your notes, and in your paper
Select those direct quotes that make the most impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style
Mention the person’s name either at the beginning of the quote, in the middle, or at the end
Put quotation marks (“ ”) around the text that you are quoting
Indicate added phrases in brackets ([ ]) and omitted text with ellipses (. . .)
Ensure you note exact page numbers in the reference

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

Paraphrasing and summarizing

First, read carefully the text you want to paraphrase/summarize till it became easy to recall.

Next, write your paraphrase and summary without looking at the original text, so you rely only on your memory.

Next, check your version with the original for content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed phrases

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

Paraphrasing and summarizing

Begin your summary with a statement giving credit to the source: According to Jonathan Kozol, ...
Put any unique words or phrases that you cannot change, or do not want to change, in quotation marks: ... "savage inequalities" exist throughout our educational system (Kozol 1992: 1).
Ensure you note exact page numbers in the reference

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

Citation

. Making citations should be the part of the writing process of the research work.

. Citations should be made in proper way i.e. in proper style as required.

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Plagiarism: How to Avoid

How to do in-text Citation (APA)

In-text citation contains basic information about the source: author(s), year, page number (sometimes)

When testing the usability of a website, it is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Lazar, 2006).

Lazar (2006) notes that a fundamental part of usability testing is understanding the demographics of the users.

When …..“only relevant types of demographic information should be requested” (Lazar, 2006, p. 52).

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Plagiarism Detection Software

(PDS)

Drillbit -- Now INFLIBNET provide free access to CFTIs and required to upload theses in Shodhganga
Urkund
Turnitin
Ithenticate

https://smallseotools.com

https://www.plagiarismsoftware.net

https://www.duplichecker.com

https://www.plagscan.com

.. So on

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Plagiarism Detection Service @ CMP Degree College Library

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Plagiarism Detection Service @ CMP Degree College Library

Software: Drillbit

Service Provider: Research Cell, CMPDC

Report Management: Central Library

Procedure and Rules:

Only entire content i.e. Introduction to Conclusion should be send to check.
No manuscript send by students and research scholars will be checked.
Only Supervisor and faculties of the college can send manuscripts.

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Plagiarism Detection Service @ CMP Degree College Library

The file name should clearly mention:

Name of Supervisor
Name of research scholar/ PG Student
Language of document
Department
Session
Type of manuscript (e.g. Research Article, Dissertation, Theses, Project etc.)
Full Title

For Instance:

Prof. Santosh K. Srivastava_Babita Yadav_English_Chemistry_2025_

Theses_ Strategic implementation of radical routes in organic synthesis

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Plagiarism Detection Service @ CMP Degree College Library

Procedure and Rules:

The email address to send the manuscripts:

plagiarism.cmpdc@gmail.com

Send your manuscript through supervisor’s authorized email address to the above email address.
Report will be sent to the supervisor/ faculty as soon as possible. In case of delay, contact with the college librarian.
Supervisor can share the report link to the research scholars / Students.
Check the report and edit your manuscript and uncheck in report.
Then after, download the final report.
Repeated checking of same manuscript produces falls report. Hence, It is not allowed.

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Plagiarism Detection Service @ CMP Degree College Library

Download Certificate

Download Report

Plagiarism %

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Library Resources

Offline Resources: printed books, journals, Newspapers, maps etc.

Online Resources:

e-books, e-journals etc

Library Resources and Services �@ CMP Degree College

Library Services

Reference Service and Referral Service
E-Document Delivery service (E-DDS)
Photocopying Service
Plagiarism Detection Service (PDS)
Remote Access Service (anywhere anytime)
Information Literacy and Research Skill Development

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Library Website: https://library.cmpcollege.ac.in/

Do Google

“Library CMP Degree College”

You will get the link of library website on top

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Library Website: https://library.cmpcollege.ac.in/

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Library Website: https://library.cmpcollege.ac.in/

Mobile View of Library Website

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Book Search:

For book search: go to WEBOPAC or search directly in “Book search” in any page of library website

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Online Resources/ e-Resources

E-Resources: materials in digital form which can be accessible electronically.

E-Book

E-Journal

E-News Paper/ E-Magazines

E-Theses

E-Patents

E-Standards

Institutional Repositories

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Open Access E-Resources @ CMP Degree College

Open Access E-Resources:

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