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林中路�心理治療四十年

2021-7-15

張凱理

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Holzwege

  • Originally published in German under the title Holzwege, this collection of texts is Heidegger's first post-war work and contains some of the major expositions of his later philosophy.

  • 《林中路》是廿世紀德國思想家海德格的後期代表作品之一。本書在當代學術界中享譽甚高,業已被視為本世紀西方哲學的經典著作。《林中路》不是傳統意義下的「嚴格的」哲學作品,反倒像是一本「反哲學的哲學著作」。書中收錄作者在三、四零年代寫就的六篇重要文章。從內容上看,本書幾乎包括了趨於成熟的後期海德格思想所有面相。

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兩個命題和第三個轉折

  • 第一個命題是:個別動力心理治療的兩大基石為客體關係理論和自體理論。(1991-1992)

  • 第二個命題是:從人文學的傳統迴溯心理治療,這個迴溯將體現於現象-詮釋-存在(P-H-E)觀點。(2006)

  • 第三個轉折是:回到歷史,回到自然。第三個轉折說明了人的復位的困難,和為什麼自體的心理學是一未完成的革命。(2014-2017)

  • 歸宗於存在治療和批判的心理治療(2020)

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�第一個命題�個別動力心理治療的兩大基石為客體關係理論和自體理論

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精神分析簡史

1. Id psychology

2. Ego Psychology

3. Object Relations Theories

. Kleinians (Melanie Klein, Wilfred Bion)

. Middle School (The Independent School) (D. W. Winnicott,

W. R. D. Fairbairn, Harry Guntrip, Michael Balint)

. Attachment Theory (John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, Mary Main)

4. Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut)

. Intersubjectivity Theory (Robert Stolorow, George Atwood,

Donna Orange, Bernard Brandchaft)

. Specificity Theory (Howard Bacal)

5. Relational Psychoanalysis (Stephen Mitchell, Lewis Aron)

6. Lacanians

7. Interface with neuroscience

. Neuropsychoanalysis (Mark Solms)

. Interpersonal Neurobiology (Allan Schore, Daniel Siegel)

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  • PDM-I (2006)
  • Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, Second Edition: PDM-2, ed. by Vittorio Lingiardi, Nancy McWilliams,The Guilford Press; 2 edition, June 20, 2017

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那裡是哪裡?

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that area …�過去半個世紀多 諸作者 不約而同都在講的 那個地方

  • The phenomena of borderline and narcissism
  • The paranoid-schizoid position (Melanie Klein)
  • Borderline Personality Organization (BPO) (Otto Kernberg)
  • Basic Fault (Michael Balint)
  • The insecure attachment (John Bowlby)
  • Poor differentiation of the self (Murray Bowen)
  • Enmeshed / Disengaged vs. Clear Boundaries (Salvador Minuchin)
  • Self Disorders (Heinz Kohut)
  • Where the conditions for one to be one cannot be taken for granted.

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如何說明古典精神分析理論和其後之客體關係理論�以及自體理論之演變之原委?

  • 關鍵在五字 driveegoobjectself (Fred Pine, 1990) and relationality
  • 前兩者屬古典理論;後兩者屬客體關係理論和自體理論,則可謂解釋架構重心的移轉。此移轉有數影響:
  • 1. 對零至三歲發展之理解更清楚。
  • 2. 不再局限於古典理論受限於生物學之思維。
  • 3. 人的經驗和現象成為我們探討之重心,遂可接上現象學之傳統,此傳統恰為Freud擦身而過,卻仍堅持其科學典範的那個傳統。
  • 4. 但此移轉並非完全否定古典理論,比如對本我仍須再三致意,因為那是一切undercurrent的源始。

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  • 5. 而且結構假設亦仍言之成理,尤其是衝突為主之精神病理學部份,但顯然此移轉恰可說明缺損(deficit)為主之精神病理學部份。

  • 6. 兩個理解人的經驗和現象的主軸,為客體關係理論和自體理論 (包括自體心理學,但不限於自體心理學) 。

  • 7. 而客體關係理論部份,中間學派和自體心理學精神上一致,遂可互相呼應。克萊茵學派則功在對黝暗的逼視。

  • 8.客體關係情結和自體現象,遂為一個銅板的兩面。

  • 9. 如是架構中,自我心理學遂為此銅板上細緻之紋路。

  • 10. 而本我,吹一口氣,遂賦予此銅板生命。

  • 11. 關係學派奠基於1980之前的四字,已前行卅年。

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Defense Mechanisms

  • No defense I hate (!) my father.
  • Psychotic defense:
  • Denial I was born without a father 
  • Immature defenses:
  • Projection My father hates(!) me.
  • Passive- I hate (!) myself.

aggression

  • Acting out Without reflection, I hit 12 policemen.
  • Fantasy I daydream of killing giants.

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  • Neurotic Defenses:
  • Dissociation I tell my father jokes.
  • Displacement I hate(!) father’s dog.
  • Isolation (or I disapprove of father’s hygiene.

intellectualization)

  • Repression I do not know why I feel so

hot and bothered.

  • Reaction- I love(!) my father or I hate(!)

formation father’s enemies.

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  • Mature defenses:
  • Suppression I am cross at father but will

not tell him.

  • Sublimation I beat father at ping-pong.
  • Altruism I comfort father haters.

(The therapist is born!)

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Ego vs. Self

  • … the ego’s aim is to defend the self against endopsychic danger.

Christopher Bollas (2013). Catch Them Before They Fall: Psychoanalysis of Mental Breakdown (Kindle Locations 1040-1041). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.

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Margaret Mahler

Separation-Individuation Theory

1. Normal autism (first few weeks) (questionable)

2. Symbiosis (2nd month on)

3. Separation-Individuation phase

. Differentiation (4-5 months on) (hatching)

. Practicing (9 to 15-18 months) (emotional

refueling)

. Rapproachement (15-18 to 24 months) (self

cohesiveness / gender identity)

. Consolidation (3 years old on) (consolidation of

individuality & beginning of emotional object

constancy)

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Melanie Klein

. PS 🡨🡪 D (Paranoid-Schizoid position & Depressive

position)

. Manic defence

. Primitive defense mechanisms : splitting / projective

identification

. Child analysis / infant observation

. Internal object

. Phantasy

. Controversial discussion (1941-1944)

. Containment / reverie / attack on thinking (Wilfred Bion)

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Middle School (Independents)

Winnicott:

. Holding environment

. Good-enough (environment, mother, therapist)

. Transitional phenomenon / object

. True self / false self

. Potential space

. Spontaneous gesture

. Squiggle

. “There is no such thing as a baby.”

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Middle School (Independents)

Michael Balint:

. Primary love

. Basic Fault (benign regression aims to be

recognized / malignant regression aims to

be gratified)

Fairbairn & Guntrip:

. The schizoid phenomenon

. Endopsychic situation

. Regressed ego (Guntrip)

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The Schizoid Position

  • At birth, our hypothetical beginning, we are whole and undivided, through the traumas and stresses of post-natal life our primary unity is broken along predictable lines, and we become divided within ourselves and against ourselves. Fairbairn termed this primary division the schizoid position.

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The Regressed Ego

  • …the kernel of the traumatized person may withdraw even from internal relationship …a symbolic return to the womb, away from activity, responsibility or even consciousness … consciously experienced as a pull to non-being, to passive giving up, even to suicide … a longing to sink back into effortless oblivion … Guntrip’s regressed ego has withdrawn from the external and internal object relations of post-natal life to an imagined return to the womb and what Guntrip conceived as the most basic form of relationship: a vague sense of being “safe inside” something indeterminate.

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Attachment Theory

John Bowlby (1907-1990)

. Secure attachment vs. insecure

attachment (avoidant / ambivalent /

disorganized)

. Internal work model

. Strange situation (Mary Ainsworth) (1913-1999)

. AAI (Adult Attachment Interview) (Mary Main) (b 1943)

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  • Nothing to Attach is Horrible

  • To Attach is Risky

  • To be Attached is Taxing

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Heinz Kohut (1913-1981)

  • Heinz Kohut: The Making of a Psychoanalyst, by Charles Strozier, Farrar Straus Giroux, 2001

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  • Heinz Kohut (1971, 1977, 1984) put the 'self' at the centre of both his theoretical and his technical writing. 

  • And, it is fair to say, no other author writing from a depth psychological perspective has focused on the vicissitudes of the self more than has Kohut.

Paul Brinich, Christopher Shelley (2002) The Self And Personality Structure

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  • The primacy of self-experience (self state)

  • Therefore phenomenological in essence

  • What does it mean to be … ? (therefore hermeneutic too)

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  • What difference does the self make for the theory and practice of counselling and psychotherapy?

  • Some may be surprised that there isn‘t consensus on this issue.

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  • In psychology the self has emerged only slowly. 

  • This is despite the fact that the birth of psychology as a discipline in the late nineteenth century, best exemplified in the work of William James, included an elaborate analysis of the self.

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  • Its glory was short lived and its decline followed. 

  • Derided as hopelessly subjectivistic, frowned on and tainted as capricious, psychology generally cast the self aside.

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  • Late nineteenth-century conceptions of good science required strict discipline and control, both of which the evasive self, saturated in Romanticism, defied. 

  • Therefore its expulsion ensued and suddenly the self was nowhere to be seen.

 

  • In academic psychology it had all but disappeared. 

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explicitly absent and implicitly present

  • In the associated and emerging schools of psychotherapy, the self was explicitly absent (though perhaps assumed to exist) as it was in classical psychoanalysis; or expunged and erased, as it was in behaviourism.

  • the self was implicitly present (though perhaps not acknowledged) as it was in object relations theories

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  • Those schools that embraced the self occupied marginal positions, bucking the trend of strict, functional objectivism.

  • The third force argued that this overemphasison objective behaviour distorted the human subject by denying phenomenology, a perspective the self had always contained.

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  • While third force psychology did not come to dominate, it did encourage the development of new subdisciplines particularly the expansion and proliferation of counselling psychology.

  • During the 1960s the self came back in vogue.

  • Today it would appear that most non-medical models of therapy subscribe to some theoretical notion of self. 

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自體心理學的關鍵概念

  • Empathy: vicarious introspection
  • selfobject: needs & transferences
  • bipolar self (mirroring / idealizing)
  • tripolar self (mirroring / alterego, twinship / idealizing)
  • horizontal split (repression) / vertical split (disavowal)
  • self-cohesiveness / disintegration anxiety & products
  • tragic man vs. guilty man

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classification of developmental psychopathology

  • Adjustment disorder with/without underlying self disorder
  • Neurosis with underlying enfeebled (or more serious) self state
  • Self disorders proper

NPD (narcissistic personality disorder)

NBDs (narcissistic behavioral disorders)

(e.g., drug abuse, eating disorders [especially

bulimia], paraphilias, impulse control disorders,

crimes, etc)

Borderline state

BPD (borderline personality disorder)

失所者: 情感上無依 現實上無據 惶惶終日 不知所止

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自體心理學的臨床理論

  • Understanding vs. explaining
  • Verstehen vs. erklaren
  • experience-near vs. experience-distant
  • 溫潤的理解 生命復甦的條件
  • sustained empathic immersion & its inevitable failure
  • disruption-restoration cycle
  • What happened, so that you’ve been so mad with me?
  • optimal frustration (Heinz Kohut) (Cf. optimal responsiveness, Howard Bacal)
  • transmuting internalization

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自體心理學對於療程的理解

  • 首先須判別,他是否屬自體疾患 (self disorder)?

  • 輕於自體疾患者,結構無大礙,屬一時遭逢難局,或內心矛盾衝突,基本上,人己界線不是其困難所在,治療關係不至於太複雜糾葛,屬潤滑油浸潤一晚(或幾晚)就可走的Omega手錶。

  • 自體疾患者,成長過程必有嚴重斷裂缺損,其做為一個人,一成為一 (for one to be one) 的條件不足,以依附理論言之,屬insecure attachment,其internal working model無法安心信任,不論對其自身、他者、還是外在世界。

  • 這時,他來到你面前。

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  • 他是敏感的,脆弱的,不敢相信這個世界還可能會有善意的,不管他外表多冷漠,多酷,多拒人千里之外。

  • 治療關係建立初期,溫煦是必要的,否則復甦根本無由。

  • 你認為,面對character armor,太陽和北風,那一個行得通?

  • 溫煦就是同理 (empathy),講對幾句,對他的核心經驗的理解的話。

  • 他有被了解的感受。

  • 這是他這輩子罕有的經驗。

  • 他心裡想,我終於找到了。

  • 他對治療者的期待和想像(i.e. transference)開始了。

  • 治療者知道,但沒有對這個期待和想像,多說甚麼。

  • 他在等,這個期待和想像,像種子一樣發芽。

  • 雖然他知道,他畢竟無法,也不應,完美做到,這個期待和想像。

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  • 他只能,秉持現象學的路,詮釋的經驗,存有的關懷,仔細聽著對方的敘事,體會對方的生命困境,和表達他的不完整的理解。

  • 投射認同進場的時候,就是上述這個似乎溫和的,溫煦的理解的過程,disruption的時候。

  • Disruption的意思,是一個巨大的失望。

  • 他說,你怎麼可以辜負我對你的期望?你怎麼可以跟他們一樣?

  • Disruption的起因,就像革命一樣,常常是一件平常的小事,你無意間說錯一句話,做錯一件事。

  • 無意間的意思是說,你即使有意完美同理,感謝老天,你做不到!

  • 因為你如果做得到,你們倆人就會擁有一個完美的互相投射認同的世界,那個地方,也叫做地獄。

  • 回到那第一次disruption。

  • 治療者有點驚訝,但其實又不十分驚訝。

  • 如果他們倆人,到第一次disruption之前的關係,已經有一些善意的基礎,這時的控訴氣憤,和至此為止的善意,混在一起,就成為ambivalence。

  • 這有可能,是他這輩子第一次卡在ambivalence的經驗。

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  • 他氣你,但他又知道,你曾經對他好,他想放棄你,或傷害你,但他又下不了手。

  • 他繼續對你生氣。

  • 你聽著他的控訴指責,心裡想,我的老天,怎麼會這麼強烈!這麼極端!這麼久!

  • 你沒有打算辯解,因為,你真的無意間說錯一句話,做錯一件事。

  • 又過了幾周,甚至幾月。

  • 你心裡想,也許你需要道歉。

  • 我勸你,你還是道歉吧。

  • 道歉後,你說,你知道嗎,這幾周(幾月)以來,你對我這麼生氣,起因就是因為我說錯一句話, 做錯一件事。

  • 這個氣,是怎麼回事?

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  • 讓我們期待,這時,他能夠忍受住ambivalence,或熊熊怒火,已燒得差不多了,而且我們不要忘記,你誠意道過歉了(這對他,都可能是前所未有過的經驗,意思是說,以前讓他失望的人,往往不曾道歉)。

  • 他的氣,有點消了。

  • 讓我們期待,這時,你們倆人可以,一起回頭看看,回頭想想,這幾周(幾月)的過程。

  • 也許,這時,他突然體會到,這可能跟他遙遠的過去的受傷的經驗,有一點類似。

  • 暴風雨後,你們倆人,繼續前行。

  • 可能還會有,第二次,第三次disruption。

  • 他一次次地,從他對你的期待和想像和失望,知道你的有限和界線。

  • 從你的有限和界線,他逐漸學習知道,他自己的有限和界線。

  • 一終於復為一,你知道,他透過,和你的關係,他也知道。

  • 這個一,當然不是完美的一。

  • 這個人生,當然不是完美的人生。

  • 這個世界,當然不是完美的世界。

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三個細胞圖 (竹北 Seminar) (2021-4-9)

  • 三個細胞圖,代表自體的狀態,及其相應的客體關係的狀態;也說明心理治療所為何來,及其會遭遇的困難。
  • 中間(B),是理想的,健康的細胞,其細胞膜具通透性,但大分子須分解為小分子,才能進出。
  • 左邊(A),是細胞膜破了大洞的細胞,大分子可直接進出細胞。(i.e. enmeshed, ocnophile, dependent, longing for merger)
  • 右邊(C),是細胞膜封閉的細胞,小分子都無法進出,遑論大分子。(i.e. disengaged, philobatism, aloof, self-sufficient, over-independent)

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  • (B) 細胞,可代謝,可自理,可通透,可互動卻不傷其主體性,可補給,是人己界線清楚的存在。
  • (A) 細胞,細胞內的重要成份,可「漏」出細胞外,進入另一個細胞,而另一個細胞的重要成份,亦可「漏」進其內,人己界線不清,(A) 須尋求共生(symbiosis) 才能完整,遂無法成為獨立的存在。
  • (C) 細胞,閉關鎖國,養份進不來,代謝出不去,乍看之下,是自己自足的過度獨立的(over-independent) 存在,但無法持久。

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  • 心理治療的病人,輕症者,自體尚稱完整,無重大結構缺損(deficit),人己界線尚稱清楚,我是我,你是你,客體關係沒有大文章,他帶著一時難過的情緒而來,說了幾回,起身離去,回到他原本就有的生活。

  • 心理治療的病人,重症者,自體不完整,有重大結構缺損,人己界線不清,我不是我,我不知道我是誰,遑論我怎麼可能知道,或關心你是誰,怎麼可能容許你作為你(這就是投射認同),客體關係有大文章,表面上,他也是帶著一時難過的情緒而來,但其實,他是帶著一生的創傷和漂泊而來,他沒有家,他回不到家。

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  • 重症者,就是自體疾患(self disorder),其人生擺盪在(A) 和(C) 之間,常態是(C),但當他遇見可能合適的客體,他會被瞬間的善意融化,馬上變成(A)。

  • 但變成(A),是期待和要求,另一個細胞,也破大洞相應,這是你中有我,我中有你,這時,兩個細胞好像是一個細胞。這個狀態,就是談戀愛的熱戀,好景不常,意思是說,重症者很快就會失望,因為對方做不到他的期待和要求,這時,他就會說那句有名的話,「你辜負了我,我以為你跟他們是不一樣的」,這時,他就會像一隻受傷的野獸,退縮回(C)。

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  • 小結,心理治療所為何來,就是讓一個原本擺盪在(A) 和(C) 之間的人生,經由和治療者的相處,逐漸學到失望的必要,挫折的必然,此生第一次有(B) 的經驗。

  • 有過(B) 的經驗,不能讓一個人免於,仍擺盪於(A) 和(C) 之間,但因為有過(B)的經驗,意思是說,有作為(B) 的能力,所以,那個擺盪的幅度和強度,會溫和許多,因為除了兩極化,他有了第三個選擇。

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  • 至此,我們還沒有提到治療者,為甚麼治療者不宜病得太重,就是因為,他本身必須有(B) 的經驗和能力,用佛洛姆的話來說,就是他可以「安於其內」(rest within himself),否則他會招架不住病人的(A) 和(C) 的擺盪和要求。

  • 而,如果你是小說家或劇作家,意思是說,你沒有精神病理和醫療的包袱,你會同意我說,(C) 是人生孤臣孽子的硬頸寂寥,(A) 是不甘寂寞的生之欲死灰復燃,(B) 是幾番浮沉後,那個人看著窗外。意思是說,有趣的人生,需要我們「親歷」這三個細胞。

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精神上的好兄弟: 中間學派和依附理論

  • 既然是精神上的好兄弟,那就表示歧義不大。

  • 既然歧義不大,那就表示他們,互相沒有甚麼好說,好借鑑,好學習的。

  • 因為,他們有共通的殊勝,也有共通的盲點。

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  • 共通的殊勝就是,他們都是傳說中的溫煦的太陽(Cf 北風和太陽),他們都有will to heal(相對的是 will to truth)和 hermeneutics of faith(相對的是hermeneutics of suspicion)的信念。

  • 他們都不忍不見,外在世界的現實的困難;或內在世界和外在世界,交界處的困難。

  • 順此,他們會認為,治療者的自體「必」為病人所用 (use of therapist’s self),或治療者「容許」他的自體為病人所用。

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  • 但,如果這是殊勝,這恰恰就是盲點。

  • 因為,當治療者的自體為病人所用,這其中必有莫大困難。這不單是治療者願意善意誠意,不單是治療者有心行善,就能真正幫病人理解和化解這個困難。

  • 換句話說,病人的真正的內心的困難的情結,需要治療者客觀和無情,治療者才能面對,才能幫助對方面對。

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  • 我們不需要善感的外科醫生,我們需要冷靜的外科醫生。

  • 客觀和無情,是克萊茵學派的強項。

  • 客觀和無情,不是自體心理學,中間學派,和依附理論的信念。

  • 他們相信,提供成長復甦的條件,常常是治療者唯一能做、須做的事。

  • 比如說,Bowlby曾說 「The human psyche, like human bones, is strongly inclined toward self-healing. The psychotherapist’s job, like that of the orthopaedic surgeon, is to provide the conditions in which self-healing can best take place. 」。

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  • 所以他們共通的盲點,就是主觀和有情。

  • 拿釣魚和吃魚為例:

  • 有人說,重要的是,教他釣魚,不是餵他吃魚。

  • 他們會說,他已餓了三天,你要不要,先餵他吃魚,再教他釣魚?

  • 有人說,先餵他吃魚,你就不能再教他釣魚,他就學不會自己釣魚。

  • 他們會說,為什麼,先餵他吃魚,我就不能再教他釣魚?

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  • 你現在知道,不忍不見,外在世界的現實的困難,是甚麼意思了嗎?

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  • 我們不要忘記,真正會讓治療者的自體「需」為其所用的病人,恰恰就是一無所有的病人,這就是Bowlby說的,「We’re are only as needy as our unmet needs」。

  • 這就是,以前我說過的,情感上無依,現實上無據,惶惶終日,不知所止。

  • 下次,當你碰到這種餓了三天(或三年、三十年),不知所止的人,

  • 請你告訴我,

  • 你打算先怎麼辦?

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  • 不,再說清楚一次,不忍不見,外在世界的現實的困難,以致不忍不先餵他吃魚,但一段時間之後,仍要教他釣魚。

  • 這是自體心理學,中間學派,和依附理論的信念。

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第二個命題�從人文學的傳統迴溯心理治療,這個迴溯將體現於現象-詮釋-存在(P-H-E)觀點

  • 現象學的關鍵在 主客有感 遂主客皆泯

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�先生遊南鎮 �(王陽明 1472-1529)�

  • 先生游南鎮,一友指巖中花樹問曰:「天下無心外之物,如此花樹,在深山中自開自落,於我心亦何相關?」先生曰:「你未看此花時,此花與汝心同歸於寂。你來看此花時,則此花顏色一時明白起來。便知此花不在你的心外。」(傳習錄下)

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���草木瓦石 皆有良知���

  • 朱本思問:「人有虛靈,方有良知。若草木瓦石之類,亦有良知否?」
  • 先生曰:「人的良知,就是草木瓦石的良知。若草木瓦石無人的良知,不可以為草木瓦石矣。豈惟草木瓦石為然?天地無人的良知,亦不可為天地矣。蓋天地萬物與人原是一體,其發竅之最精處,是人心一點靈明。風雨露雷,日月星辰,禽獸草木,山川土石,與人原是一體。故五穀禽獸之類皆可以養人,藥石之類皆可以療疾。只為同此一氣,故能相通耳。」

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�宋明理學�

  • 靜時心無所寄 總由未見本地風光 (李二曲)
  • 拋卻自家無盡藏 沿門托缽效貧兒 (王陽明)

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verstehen

  • “standing before, residing before, holding oneself at an equal height with what one finds before oneself, and being strong enough to abide it” (GA 15: 334-5, Four Seminars, 40-1)

Heidegger's Way of Being, by Richard M. Capobianoco,

University of Toronto Press, 2014 (kindle location 189/2523)

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做為人文精神重建基礎的詮釋學

  • Philosophical Hermeneutics as a Hermeneutics of the Humanities
  • Philosophical Hermeneutics as a Hermeneutics of Experience
  • Philosophical Hermeneutics and the Voice of the Other

(Hermeneutics and the Voice of the Other: Re-reading Gadamer’s

Philosophical Hermeneutics, by James Risser, SUNY, 1997, pp. 4-17)

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Philosophical Hermeneutics and the Voice of the Other

  • … the concern of PH is with the problematic of understanding … understanding is only found in the living word, in the word of memory … PH is a hermeneutics of the voice … H is letting that which is far and alienated (噤啞的他者) speak again “not only in a new voice but in a clearer voice” … The dialogical element of hermeneutic understanding means that what is brought to speech again is the voice the other …

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  • What is at stake in understanding is the otherness of the text (他者的聲音的文本的他者性) and its ability to assert its truth against one’s own fore-meanings. … in the analysis of hermeneutic experience near the end of part 2 of TM (Truth and Method), Gadamer shows how hermeneutic experience is comparable to the experience of the Thou in the I-Thou relation. … perhaps as a result of his contact with deconstruction but certainly as a result his contact with the poetry of Paul Celan, the voice the other is not to be regarded as a voice to be assimilated. …

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  • Understanding is not a mere assimilation into identity where what is foreign is made near again as a return to identity in a subject. … In hermeneutic conversation the performance of meaning necessarily demands that one be exposed to the rejoinder of the other. It is to think with the other and to come back to oneself as if to another.

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  • The poetic word holds within itself a breathless stillness … For Gadamer as a reader of Celan’s poetry, the task of understanding is not to make poetry transparent, but to enter into that space of transparency and non-transparency. … In the end a PH is about self-understanding; but this, Gadamer insists, has little to do with a philosophy of subjectivity. Rather, it has to do with our being at home in the world that we are awakened to in the voice of the other.

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Who Am I and Who Are You?

  • In his later volumes of poetry, Paul Celan increasingly moved toward the breathless stillness of muted silence in words which have become cryptic. … I will examine a sequence of poems from the book Breath-turn (Breath-crystal 1965) … Each of the poems has its place in a sequence, and read within this context, each poem achieves a certain measure of precision --- but the entire sequence of these poems is hermetically encoded. What are they about? Who is speaking?

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  • Even so, every poem in this sequence is a configuration of unambiguous precision; and while they are not transparent, nor articulated with direct clarity, neither are they veiled, or capable of being interpreted arbitrarily. This is the experience of reading which awaits the patient reader. The reader who is interested in understanding and decoding hermetic lyrics must clearly not be hurried. Such a reader need not be scholarly, or especially learned. He or she must simply try to keep listening.
  • (Gadamer on Celan: “Who Am I and Who Are You?” and Other Essays, by Hans-Georg Gadamer, SUNY, 1997, p. 67)

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為什麼要講存在治療?

  • 在生命轉彎處 崩塌時 日復一日 無以為繼之際 面對做一個人的腳跟下大事

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第三個轉折�回到歷史 回到自然

  • 第三個轉折是:回到歷史,回到自然。第三個轉折說明了人的復位的困難,和為什麼自體的心理學是一未完成的革命。

  • 復位的困難,是兩個困難,兩個無法復位。一是歷史中的人的無法復位,這跟兩岸的局有關。一是自然中的人的無法復位,這跟現代性有關。

  • 而龍天樓後無樓的意思就是,走出龍天樓的魔咒,不管那是中國歷史的,還是人類造作的文明的,以致人終於復位,不管是歷史的,還是自然的。

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  • History Flows through Us: Germany, the Holocaust, and the Importance of Empathy, ed. by Roger Frie, Routledge, Oct 4, 2017

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歷史的前額葉

  • 這是Identity politics,但非得用這樣的方式發生嗎?以上雖是島內觀察,但是歷史錯誤不限島內,兩岸的成年人請一起三思,且看我們的前額葉,能不能有足夠的歷史理性,容不容得住這些名堂?

  • 前額葉的困難,在從諸多深層的迴路,傳來的原始的訊息,讓它無法冷靜,無法超越,依此,我們是沒有資格談普世價值的, 因為連想都想不到那麼遠,遑論做不做得到。�         �上述,是講個人的前額葉,在個人生活所能及的少少互動中,所遭受的困難。��延伸而論,其實,臨床也不過如此。       ��比如說,小團體治療,五至十人爾,互動的可能為 n(n-1) / 2,臨床須處理的,不過如此。       ��我的意思是說,相對於歷史的巨觀的現象,臨床的微觀的視野,太單純,太天真了。��族群的前額葉在那裡?族群有可能有前額葉嗎? 族群若不可能有其前額葉,那文革是必然要發生的。     �

宿命而論,歷史的軌跡是偶然的,人能不能不被命運決定是偶然的,族群能不能不被命運決定也是偶然的。

族群的前額葉能不能有足夠的歷史理性,容不容得住(contain)這些困難,是偶然的。                                 �

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自然的敗壞�人類世 (anthropocene)

  • The Anthropocene is a proposed epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on the Earth's geology and ecosystems, including, but not limited to, anthropogenic climate change.

  • The term was widely popularized in 2000 by atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen, who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth's atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological epoch.

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龍天樓後無樓  只是荒野�

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以自體心理學為基調的心理治療

  • 以己為器用,承載著另一個人的內在世界,而對此承載之困難,復有後設之思考。

以己為器用,承載著另一個人的歷史

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心理治療的敘事

  • 文學的敘事,歷史的敘事,河流的敘事,山巒的敘事,街頭巷尾的敘事,人間黑暗角落的敘事,沒有虛偽作態,沒有玩弄文字,沒有吶喊咆哮,沒有聲嘶力竭,每一個字,都深深地,安安靜靜地,刻在心裡的敘事。

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兩張圖

  • 第一圖 是Rene Magritte的治療者 此圖伴我已逾廿年 有趣在空 可以棲息的空 有趣在旅 暫時駐足的旅

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護生 復育

  • 第二圖是不是Sebastiao Salgado的作品 應該是 這是昨天(Dec 2, 2016)偶然發現的 有趣在赤身泥濘 鳥雀停在其身 想必已久 否則不會便溺順著流下來 有趣在不動 否則鳥雀必驚嚇飛走 有趣在他蹲在水裡 與大自然是一體的
  • 第二圖沒有說 這是治療者 他只是在自然裡 與自然一體 護著自然 第一圖到第二圖 差別是甚麼 見到 第二圖 那個人 一直 落淚

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自體的心理學: 未完成的革命�Psychology of the Self:  An unfinished revolution

  • What sparked the Kohutian revolution?

  • Basch gives a most convincing description of one powerful impetus to change: the sharp and immediate shift in the clinical experience with patients created by the adoption of Kohutian clinical practices. (Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 1995, 5:3, 433-434)

  • Basch的意思是說,寇赫特的自體心理學,基本上是一個臨床的革命。

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  • 我不同意。

 

  • 我說,寇赫特的自體心理學,是一個跟臨床有關,但超越臨床的革命。

  • 超越的意思是說,人的現象和經驗,人文學科,和社會科學,無法歸約於臨床。 

  

  • 臨床誠然難得,但視野有限。

  

  • 未完成的革命,意思是說,人的歷史還在遽變中,人還在遽變中,人的現象和經驗,還在遽變中。 

  • 自體的心理學 (Psychology of the Self),不等於自體心理學 (Self Psychology)。  

  • 自體心理學,點燃了自體的心理學的革命,但不等於完成了自體的心理學的革命。 

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  • 只要人類這個物種,還沒有滅絕,還在地球上昂首闊步,發生最糟的和最好的,自體的心理學的旅途,就還沒有結束。 

  • 我們不是奧林匹亞山上的神祉,我們屬於這個遽變的世界和歷史,我們屬於這個最糟的和最好的可能,我們無意逃離屬於人的命運,但我們願,留在現場。 

 

  • 點起最後一支紙菸,看著窗外,拂曉前的晨星。

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The trilogy and post-trilogy

  • 1. 自體(心理學)與歷史 Selfpsychologyand history (2015-12-20)

  • 2. 文革五十年後 Cutural Revolution: Fifty Years Later (2016-12-3)

  • 3. 自體的心理學: 從溯源比較研究和後寇赫特的發展到龍天樓後無樓 Psychology of the self: An unfinished revolution (2017-12-9)

  • 4. The historical wilderness trapped in the shadows of Dragon Inn and the Chess Master --- in the worlds of Yu-Hua, Mu Xin, and Chen Ying-Zhen (2018-12-1)

  • 5. Psychology of the self and existential therapy - two kindred-spirited wanderers in the historical wilderness (2018-12-2)

  • 6. Self Psychology and Relational Psychoanalysis – A Comparative Study (2019-12 -21)

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�The historical wilderness trapped in the shadows of Dragon Inn and the Chess Master --- in the worlds of Yu-Hua, Mu Xin, and Chen Ying-Zhen (2018-12-1) � �abstract

  • This essay aims to probe the quagmire of China (PRC) – Taiwan (ROC) history, in the past century, and now. Two novellas, The Chess Master (Ah Cheng, 1984), and Dragon Inn (Wang Wen-Hsing, 1967), are used as metaphors for this quagmire. And the works of three writers, Yu-Hua, Mu Xin, and Chen Ying-Zhen, are used to explicate the historical wilderness we, the Chinese and the Taiwanese, are facing now.

 

  • In this wilderness, identity politics, from both sides, collide harshly. After separating for 70 years (from 1949), we need time to know each other. Yet, we are running out of time. Some people say, war is coming, war is inevitable. Since Taiwan is the only beacon of hard-won democracy for CHINA, throughout its long history of monarchy for 2000 years, what the war will devastate is the hope of emancipation, for both the Chinese and the Taiwanese, to go beyond the shadows of the Dragon Inn, which was symbolic of that karmic cycle of never-ending autocracy.

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  • The self is historical, and historical empathy grows out of the ashes of historical trauma. In the historical wilderness of ours, empathy is that rare moment of intersubjectivity, à la Brandchaft, or stranger’s kindness, à la Levinas. Empathy, or the intersubjective vision, is always a life choice, a decision, a determination, a responsibility. It is eclipsed oftentimes, in the historical darkness. We are still a long way away from home.

  • key words: dragon inn, historical wilderness, historical empathy, stranger’s kindness, identity politics, 暗夜行路 歸鄉猶遙, intersubjectivity, emancipatory psychoanalysis

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���Psychology of the self and existential therapy -�two kindred-spirited wanderers in the historical wilderness (2018-12-2)��abstract

  • This essay aims to explicate that the psychology of the self and existential therapy are two kindred-spirited wanderers in the historical wilderness.

  • Because the psychology of the self is psychoanalytical, and has to be historical; and existential therapy is philosophical, and has to be historical too.

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  • This essay tries to run through the above three statements. It will be divided into the following parts:
  • Prologue: Why do we have to talk about existential therapy in Taiwan 2018 ?
  • (1) An outline of existential therapy
  • (2) This is for … when life cannot go on
  • (3) Self psychology as a bridge between existential-humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis
  • (4) Psychotherapy in the age of AI
  • (5) Are there remaining ways to be critical?

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歸宗於存在治療和批判的心理治療

  • To practice hermeneutics without a sharp focus on power, and critical postmodernism without a profound recognition of the inescapable moral frame, is to practice them poorly. (Cushman, 2005a, pp. 402-403)

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  • P-H-E + D&G (Deleuze & Guattari)
  • becoming > being (竹北 Seminar, 2021-4-1) 這是我目前的想法 請注意是一個> 不是兩個>>
  • existential concern vs. psychodynamic concern (竹北 Seminar, 2021-4-1) 今天讀到Del Loewenthal 說前者優先於後者 我很久以前是說後者先於前者 最近我說我希望後者未必先於前者 Loewenthal 的說法分明打算直面前者 他倒沒有說後者不相干或不重要

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批判的心理治療

  • 甚麼是批判 ?
  • 批判的 (critical) ~ skeptical (懷疑論的 不信邪的), refuse conformity (拒絕被一致化的 換言之 有個性的), not cliché (不流俗不人云亦云的), contextualized (有來龍去脈 有脈絡的), historical (有歷史感的)
  • To be 'critical', then, does not mean finding the correct standpoint, but it means understanding how we come to stand where we are. (e.g. Griffith & Griffith, 1992) (Deconstructing Psychotherapy, Ian Parker, 1999, p. 4)

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批判甚麼?

  • 1. medical model
  • 2. psychoanalysis bashing
  • 3. therapy culture
  • 4. state regulations
  • 5. social injustice
  • 6. political oppression

  • humanities vs. science
  • science vs. scientism
  • professional vs. professionalism

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  • 中國的批判的心理治療是「三觀」療法
  • 台灣的批判的心理治療是「史觀」療法

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site

  • TCPN (Taiwan Critical Psychotherapy Network)
  • 關於批判,最不需要的,就是同質,就是一致。
  • 每個人,在不同的位置,不同的角度,不同的歷練,自然會有,不同的看法,不同的想法,不同的做法。
  • 唯一確定的是,都有一股熱血膽識,都不願臣服某個不合理的系統。
  • 這個地方 (site),為疲憊的行者奉茶,歡迎有心有膽有志有識者,客旅小歇,各抒己見。
  • https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1P9picKgBOnE5-IU1cjypdbogaPb9QH5V?usp=sharing

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