1 of 31

GOLDEN PROPORTION

Prepared by: Dr. NANDAKUMAR K

Department of Prosthodontics

1

2 of 31

Introduction

The dental measurements or the esthetic dental proportions are the dimensions of the anterior teeth which can be obtained mathematically or geometrically. Golden proportion gives the relationship between the dimensional proportion of the teeth which is considered as ideal and mathematical.

Tarek Rabi (2021). Esthetic Dental Proportions and Measurements Comprising a Natural Esthetic Smile: A Literature Review. Saudi J Oral Dent Res, 6(6): 270-273.

2

3 of 31

Golden proportion or divine proportion

Singh R, Datta K. The golden proportion - God's building block for the world. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2008;8:6-9

3

Represented by the greek letter phi (φ)

4 of 31

Singh R, Datta K. The golden proportion - God's building block for the world. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2008;8:6-9

It is the ratio described by Leonardo de Pisa,Fibonacci, in his development of the mathematic sequence

Fibonacci series

5 of 31

JACK D. PRESTON (1993). The Golden Proportion Revisited. , 5(6), 247–251

Enter title here

Click here to add content of the text，and briefly explain your point of view�

Enter title here

Developed by Ricketts for establishing evaluating ratios between various features of face

These calipers always open to a constant golden proportion between the larger and smaller portions

Golden proportion caliper

Golden proportion calipers

6 of 31

Golden proportion of the face

Reddy TVK, Dhanasekaran S. The Golden Proportion. J Oper Dent Endod 2017;2(2):79-83.

6

1

0.618

1.618

7 of 31

Ideal vertical proportion

M.Robert Mack (1991). Vertical dimension: A dynamic concept based on facial form and oropharyngeal function. , 66(4), 0–485.

7

Interrelationship of balance point between mid

and lower region of face. Change in VDO can dramatically

affect this harmony if present, or improve it, if deficient.

8 of 31

Ideal Transverse Proportion

M.Robert Mack (1991). Vertical dimension: A dynamic concept based on facial form and oropharyngeal function. , 66(4), 0–485.

8

If the width of the nose (LN) is 1, then the width of the mouth (CH) is 1.618
The width between two corners of the eyes (LC) is 1.618, and the width between two temples (TS) is 1.618

9 of 31

Ideal Height and Width of a Face

Reddy TVK, Dhanasekaran S. The Golden Proportion. J Oper Dent Endod 2017;2(2):79-83.

9

If the distance between the two cheeks is 1, then the ideal height is 1.618

10 of 31

The golden rectangle

Robert M. Ricketts (1982). The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series. , 81(5), 0–370.

10

Breakdown with three golden rectangles: from trichion to the eye; the eye to the mouth; and the nose to the chin.
The overlapping area is the distance from the nose to the mouth.
The lateral canthus of the eye is also golden to the nose length and tragus of the ear.

11 of 31

Golden proportion and dental esthetics

Levin EI. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40:244-52.

11

Grids created by Levin on the basis of golden proportion

12 of 31

Golden proportion of teeth

Levin EI. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40:244-52.

12

Levin proposed that “the width of the maxillary lateral incisor should be 0.618 of the width of the maxillary central incisor and that the lateral incisor should be 0.618 of the width of the canine in a frontal view”

Grid created by Levin on the basis of golden proportion

13 of 31

Width of arch while smiling

Singh R, Datta K. The golden proportion - God's building block for the world. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2008;8:6-9

13

The analysis of any pleasant smile would show that the teeth do not extend right to the corners of the mouth but actually stop at a distance from them. Thus, there is an area of neutrality or darkness between the teeth and the corner of the smiling mouth. Between these two neutral spaces lies the anterior esthetic segment. The neutral space is a dynamic space, which appears in a broad smile and can be defined as a bilateral space bounded laterally by the corner of the smiling mouth and medially by the dental arch. In a pleasing smile, the anterior esthetic segment is in the golden proportion to the width of the smiling lips.

The anterior esthetic segment, from the first premolar to first premolar, is highlighted against the backdrop of the smiling lips, with two neutral portions located laterally between lips and teeth. The grid also shows that the corner of the arch divides the smile into a larger tooth portion and a smaller neutral space [Figure 3] and thus gives another indication for arranging the visual effect of this important corner.

14 of 31

Golden proportion of lower incisors

Robert M. Ricketts (1982). The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series. , 81(5), 0–370.

14

The upper incisor was golden to the width of the lower incisor

Distal aspect of lower canines: buccal groove of lower molar= Ø

Progressive golden series

15 of 31

Golden rectangle of central incisors

'The height of the central incisor is within the golden proportion to the width of the two central incisors'- Dr. Stephen Marquardt

Singh R, Datta K. The golden proportion - God's building block for the world. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2008;8:6-9

15

16 of 31

Golden proportion and lip line

In the relaxed face, the lip line divides the lower third of the face into the golden proportion

Reddy TVK, Dhanasekaran S. The Golden Proportion. J Oper Dent Endod 2017;2(2):79-83.

16

17 of 31

Golden proportion and cephalometrics

Robert M. Ricketts (1982). The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series. , 81(5), 0–370.

17

18 of 31

Golden proportion - controversy

Hegde MN, Malhotra S. Evaluation of golden proportion between maxillary anterior teeth of south indian popula-tion. Dent Open J. 2016; 2(5): 137-141

18

Conclusion: Golden proportion was not prevalent in the south Indian population and did not serve as an adequate guideline to be applied to all maxillary anterior teeth.

19 of 31

Preston’s proportion

Preston JD. The golden proportion revisited. J Esthet Dent 1993;5:247-51
Londono, J., Ghasemi, S., Lawand, G., & Dashti, M. (2021). Evaluation of the golden proportion in the natural dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. j.prosdent.2021.07.02

19

Preston Proportion 70% and Golden Proportion 30%

20 of 31

Golden mean/ golden percentage

Snow SR. Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: The golden percentage. J Prosthet Dent 1999;11:177-84.
Londono, J., Ghasemi, S., Lawand, G., & Dashti, M. (2021). Evaluation of the golden proportion in the natural dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. j.prosdent.2021.07.02

20

21 of 31

Recurring Esthetic Dental Proportion (RED)

Londono, J., Ghasemi, S., Lawand, G., & Dashti, M. (2021). Evaluation of the golden proportion in the natural dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. j.prosdent.2021.07.02

21

The Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) proportion suggests that the ratio between two adjacent teeth should remain distally constant. It was given by Ward in 2001. But unlike the Golden Proportion, the values of RED proportion should lie in the range of 60% to 80% [Figure 4].[6] The relationship between the relative height of the teeth and the preferred RED proportion has been reported by Rosenstiel, Ward, and Rashid.[7] Studies have shown preference for 75% to 78% width-to-height ratio of central incisors

In reality, no two individuals can have the same facial morphology, lips, proportion, and dental arch form. Hence, using the RED proportion is more practical, since, it allows the freedom of using a different proportion, so long as it remains constant when moving distally in the dental arch

22 of 31

Chu’s Gauge/ Proportion gauge

Useful in reconstruction of esthetic smile based on the measurement
Color codes; red for central incisor, blue for lateral incisor, and yellow for canine

Chu SJ. A biometric approach to predictable treatment of clinical crown discrepancies. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2007;19:401-9.

22

23 of 31

Evaluation of the golden proportion in the natural dentition:�A systematic review and meta-analysis

Londono, J., Ghasemi, S., Lawand, G., & Dashti, M. (2021). Evaluation of the golden proportion in the natural dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.j.prosdent.2021.07.02

23

24 of 31

Digital Smile Design (DSD)

Photoshop CS6 (Adobe Systems Incorporated),
Microsoft PowerPoint (Microsoft Office, Microsoft, Redmond, Washington, USA).
Smile Designer Pro (SDP) (Tasty Tech Ltd),
Aaesthetic Digital Smile Design (ADSD - Dr. Valerio Bini),
Cerec SW 4.2 (Sirona Dental Systems Inc.)

VisagiSMile (Web Motion LTD),
DSD App by Coachman (DSDApp LLC),
Keynote (iWork, Apple, Cupertino, California, USA)
Guided Positioning System (GPS)
DSS (EGSolution)
NemoDSD (3D)
Exocad DentalCAD 2.3

Coachman C., Calamita M. Digital smile design: a tool for treatment planning and communication in aesthetic dentistry. Quintessence Dent Technol. 2012;35:103–111.

24

25 of 31

Photography protocol

1. Three frontal views:

Full face with a wide smile and the teeth apart,
Full face at rest, and
Retracted view of the full maxillary and mandibular arch with teeth apart.

2.Two profile views:

Side Profile at Rest
Side Profile with a full Smile

3. A 12 O, clock view with a wide smile and incisal edge of maxillary teeth visible and resting on lower lip.

4. An intra occlusal view of maxillary arch from second premolar to second premolar

Coachman C., Calamita M. Digital smile design: a tool for treatment planning and communication in aesthetic dentistry. Quintessence Dent Technol. 2012;35:103–111.

25

26 of 31

DSD workflow

Coachman C., Calamita M. Digital smile design: a tool for treatment planning and communication in aesthetic dentistry. Quintessence Dent Technol. 2012;35:103–111.

26

Slide presentation software with crossing lines placed on the middle of the slide.

The facial photograph with a wide smile and the

teeth apart

Transferring the cross to the smile

Smile simulation

Drawing the three reference lines

Intraoral photograph adjusted to three reference lines.

27 of 31

DSD workflow

Coachman C., Calamita M. Digital smile design: a tool for treatment planning and communication in aesthetic dentistry. Quintessence Dent Technol. 2012;35:103–111.

27

Measure the actual length/width proportion of the right central incisor.

A rectangle with ideal length/width proportion (80%)

is placed

Drawing the tooth outline, as guided by the cross and by the rectangle proportion.

Final teeth outline showing the relationship between the preoperative situation and the ideal design.

28 of 31

Coachman C., Calamita M. Digital smile design: a tool for treatment planning and communication in aesthetic dentistry. Quintessence Dent Technol. 2012;35:103–111.

28

Measuring the length of the left central incisor on the cast.

Digital ruler calibration

The diagnostic wax-up fabricated

Ceramic veneers after bonding

29 of 31

Conclusion

The use of golden proportion as a guide in aesthetic rehabilitation is acceptable as long as the characteristics of each individual are taken into account.

Tridapalli, Luisa & Steinbach, Marina. (2018). The use of golden proportion in dentistry: a integrative review. Revista Odonto Ciência. 33. 77.

29

30 of 31

References

Tridapalli, Luisa & Steinbach, Marina. (2018). The use of golden proportion in dentistry: a integrative review. Revista Odonto Ciência. 33. 77.
Coachman C., Calamita M. Digital smile design: a tool for treatment planning and communication in aesthetic dentistry. Quintessence Dent Technol. 2012;35:103–111.
Londono, J., Ghasemi, S., Lawand, G., & Dashti, M. (2021). Evaluation of the golden proportion in the natural dentition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.j.prosdent.2021.07.02
Chu SJ. A biometric approach to predictable treatment of clinical crown discrepancies. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2007;19:401-9.
Snow SR. Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: The golden percentage. J Prosthet Dent 1999;11:177-84.
Preston JD. The golden proportion revisited. J Esthet Dent 1993;5:247-51
Robert M. Ricketts (1982). The biologic significance of the divine proportion and Fibonacci series. , 81(5), 0–370.

30

31 of 31

Cross references

Singh R, Datta K. The golden proportion - God's building block for the world. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2008;8:6-9
Reddy TVK, Dhanasekaran S. The Golden Proportion. J Oper Dent Endod 2017;2(2):79-83.
Levin EI. Dental esthetics and the golden proportion. J Prosthet Dent 1978;40:244-52.
M.Robert Mack (1991). Vertical dimension: A dynamic concept based on facial form and oropharyngeal function. , 66(4), 0–485.
Jack D. Preston (1993). The Golden Proportion Revisited. , 5(6), 247–251
Tarek Rabi (2021). Esthetic Dental Proportions and Measurements Comprising a Natural Esthetic Smile: A Literature Review. Saudi J Oral Dent Res, 6(6): 270-273.
Hegde MN, Malhotra S. Evaluation of golden proportion between maxillary anterior teeth of south indian popula-tion. Dent Open J. 2016; 2(5): 137-141

31