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Q.2 Click in each gap. A choice of words will appear. Click on the word you think completes the phrase or sentence.

Computers

Today computers help people write letters, buy tickets, fly planes and take money from the bank. It’s difficult to think of a time ______ (behind, outside, without) them.

The first person to try to make a mathematical computer ______ (was, were, is) Charles Babbage in 1883, but he never finished working on it. In the early 20^th century, the first computers were very _______ (biggest, big, bigger) and many people ______ (have, has, had) to work with each other. Now computers are so small that we can carry them in ___ (the, this, our) hands to school and work.

Early Cinema�

Moving pictures were invented by the brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere at the end of the 19^th century. Movies very ________ (quickly, immediately, fast, early) became popular all over the world. In 1907 the first studios were built in a_____ (piece, site, location, district) of Los Angeles called Hollywood. It was the perfect place, close to many kinds of natural scenery. ______ (To, For, At, By) the 1920s, Hollywood was the centre of the world film _______ (trade, industry, company, firm). To begin with, the movies had no sound. Words _____ (developed, appeared, happened, displayed) on screen from time to time to explain the story.

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Early Cinema

Early Cinema

Early Cinema

Hollywood is considered a district within the city of Los Angeles. It is a well-known area, particularly famous for its entertainment industry, including film studios and landmarks like the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Hollywood Sign. Hollywood is not a separate city but rather a district or neighborhood within Los Angeles.

Early Cinema�

1. Quickly: Refers to something done with speed, but not necessarily without delay. It's about the manner or speed with which something is done.

Example: "He quickly finished his homework." (He did it in a short amount of time.)

2. Immediately: Refers to something done without any delay, right at that moment. It's about the timing of when something is done.

Example: "She responded immediately to the call." (She responded without waiting.)

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Early Cinema�

3. Fast: Refers to high speed or rapid movement. It can be used to describe both the speed of an action and the quickness of a process.

Example: "The car is fast." (The car moves at a high speed.)

Example: "He runs fast." (He runs at a high speed.)

4. Early: Refers to something done before the expected or usual time. It is related to time but focuses on being ahead of schedule.

Example: "She arrived early for the meeting." (She arrived before the scheduled time.)

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In short�

"Quickly“: manner of doing something rapidly

"fast: both the speed of an action or a characteristic (e.g., a fast car).

Immediately: without any delay.

Early: doing something before the expected time.

Early Cinema

"Appear" and "display" are related but have different nuances (a suitable difference in meaning) in meaning:

Appear:

• Meaning: To come into view, to become visible, or to seem to be something.
• Usage: Often refers to something or someone becoming noticeable or visible, either physically or metaphorically.
• Example:
1. "The moon appeared in the sky as the clouds cleared."
2. "She appeared confident during the presentation."

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Early Cinema

Display:

Meaning: To show or exhibit something, often deliberately, for others to see.

Usage: Implies a more intentional act of showing or presenting something, such as an object, information, or an emotion.

Example:

"The museum displayed ancient artifacts from Egypt."

"He displayed great courage during the crisis."

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Early Cinema

Developed:

Meaning: This term generally implies progress, growth, or evolution over time. It is often used to describe something that has undergone a process of change or improvement.

Example: "The company developed a new software application." This suggests that the company went through a series of steps to create and refine the software.

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Early Cinema

Happened:

Meaning: This term refers to events or occurrences that take place. It implies that something occurred, often without indicating how or why it came about.

Example: "The accident happened suddenly." This indicates that the accident occurred, but doesn’t provide detail about how it came to be.

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Crocodiles

All crocodiles live near water, whether it is swamp or marshy area, lake or river, and they spend a considerable amount of their time there.

All the same, on _____ (land, beach, earth, ground), crocodiles are able to move in a variety of ways. ______ (also, in addition to, besides, as well) being able to walk quite easily on their large flat feet, they can manage to run if necessary and sometimes slide on their stomachs. In the water, they are strong swimmers. They will often stay _____ (highly, wholly, fully, perfectly) still in the water for long _____ (times, periods, spaces, terms) with the bodies below the surface of the water. Only their nose, ears and eyes are visible, as these are all on top of the head. Although they need to breathe air, crocodiles have the ability to dive beneath the water and ______ (keep, remain, last, extend) there for some time.

Early Cinema

Early Cinema

Early Cinema

Early Cinema

Early Cinema

Land: Refers to the solid surface of the Earth that is not covered by water. It can describe any area of the Earth's surface, including continents, countries, or specific plots of property. Land is often used in a broad or geographical sense. Example:

"The farmer owns a large piece of land."

Early Cinema

Beach: A specific type of landform that is found along the edge of a body of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, or river. It is typically composed of sand, pebbles, or rocks.

Example: "We spent the day relaxing on the beach.“

Early Cinema

Earth: Has multiple meanings. It can refer to the entire planet we live on, the material that makes up the planet's surface (soil, dirt), or even in a more general sense, the ground or surface of the planet.

Example (planet): "The Earth revolves around the Sun.

"Example (soil):

"The gardener tilled the earth to prepare for planting."

Early Cinema

Ground: Refers to the surface of the Earth, especially in reference to the soil or the immediate layer of the Earth's surface. It is often used in contexts involving the surface beneath our feet or in relation to something being grounded or connected to the Earth.

Example: "She fell to the ground while running."

Early Cinema

In addition to:

Meaning: It implies something is being added to a list of items or facts. It emphasizes the inclusion of something extra.

Example: "In addition to his salary, he receives a bonus every year." (Here, the bonus is something extra, added to his salary.)

Early Cinema

Besides:

Meaning: It also introduces extra information but often with an implication that the extra information is less important or a secondary consideration. Sometimes it can mean "apart from" or "other than.

Example: "Besides his salary, he earns money from freelancing." (Here, freelancing income is mentioned as an additional or alternative source of income, possibly implying it's secondary to the salary.)

Freelancing is doing specific work for clients without committing to full-time employment.

Early Cinema

Highly:

Meaning: This term suggests a high degree or level of something, often in terms of quality, intensity, or importance.

Usage: It is commonly used to express strong approval, degree, or elevated status.

Example: "She is highly skilled in her profession."

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(Here, "highly" indicates a significant level of skill.)

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Early Cinema

Wholly:

Meaning: This term means completely or entirely, often used to indicate that something is done or considered in its entirety.

Usage: It emphasizes the complete extent of something without any part left out.

Example: "He was wholly committed to the project."

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(This means he was completely or entirely dedicated.)

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Early Cinema

Fully:

Meaning: Similar to "wholly," this term denotes completeness or totality but can also imply a sense of adequacy or sufficiency.

Usage: It often refers to something being completely achieved or experienced.

Example: "The task was fully completed on time."

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(This suggests that the task was completed in every aspect.)

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Early Cinema

Perfectly:

Meaning: This term indicates a state of flawlessness or ideal condition, suggesting that something is without error or completely accurate.

Usage: It is used when describing something that meets all the necessary criteria or standards to an ideal degree.

Example: "The recipe was cooked perfectly."

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(This implies that the cooking was done with no mistakes and achieved the ideal result.)

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Early Cinema

• Time refers to the continuous, indefinite progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future.
• Period is a length of time characterized by specific conditions, events, or a particular set of phenomena. For example, the Renaissance period in history.
• Space refers to a continuous area or expanse that is free, available, or unoccupied, or more abstractly, the concept of physical and conceptual areas.
• Place is a particular position, point, or area in space, often with a sense of meaning, identity, or attachment associated with it.
• Space is more abstract whereas place is specific.

Early Cinema

Keep:

Meaning:

To maintain or continue possessing something.

Usage:

Often implies control or responsibility over something.

Examples:

• She keeps her promises.
• Keep the door closed.

Early Cinema

Remain:

Meaning:

To continue to exist or stay in the same place or condition.

Usage:

Used when something stays the same or stays in a particular state.

Examples:

• Only a few cookies remain.
• He remained calm during the crisis.

Early Cinema

Last:

Meaning:

To continue for a certain amount of time.

Usage:

Typically refers to the duration or endurance of something.

Examples:

• The movie will last (for) two hours.
• The battery lasts longer in this model.

Early Cinema

Extend:

Meaning:

To make something longer in space or time; to stretch out.

Usage:

Implies an increase in length, duration, or scope.

Examples:

The teacher extended the deadline.

The bridge extends across the river.

Early Cinema

• Keep involves maintaining something.

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• Remain suggests staying unchanged or in a specific condition.

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• Last refers to how long something endures.

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• Extend means to make something longer in time, space, or scope.

Uneducated Inventors

Dava Sobel’s best-seller, Longitude, tells the story of John Harrison’s Long ____ (contest, battle, combat, hostility) with the English establishment of the 18the century to prove that his clocks were the best way to measure longitude at sea. The establishment, ____ (personified, impersonated, enacted, mirrored) in the figure of Sir Nevil Maskelyne, found it demeaning that a simple, uneducated mechanic could do better than all the brilliant astronomers. Maskelyne did everything he could to frustrate Harrison.

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Reading this book, I was struck by how many great inventors have had little education, and in particular how little they ____ (oblige, behold, owe, grant) to science. Harrison _____ (found out, brought off, caught on, picked off) mechanics while working as an apprentice carpenter. Thomas Edison had less than three months of formal schooling and Gulliermo Marconi had a limited formal education. With the exception of James Watt, none of the great pioneers of steam was even literate, _____ (let, live, stand, be) alone university-educated.

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Longitude – /lonjətood/ રેખાંશ (Longitudes are vertical lines that measure east or west of the meridian in Greenwich, England)

Latitude – અક્ષાંશ (horizontal lines that measure distance north or south of the equator)

Establishment – institutional authority, dominant group

Combat – fighting between armed forces

Contest – an event in which people compete for supremacy

Battle – a lengthy and difficult struggle

Hostility – an act showing dislike

Personify – represent by a figure in human form

Impersonate – pretend to be (another person) for entertainment

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Enact – act out, put into practice

Oblige – bind morally or legally (as by promise/ccontract)

Behold – look/see

Owe – to be under obligation

Grant – give/agree/admit/accord

Mirror – show a reflection of

Bring off - to get rid of

Catch on – understand

Pick off – remove by pulling or plucking off

Find out – discover by chance or by effort

Let alone – not to mention, refrain from

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1. Contest:

Definition: A contest is a competition between individuals or groups, usually within set rules and in a non-violent context. It can refer to any situation where people compete to win something.

Example:

• A beauty pageant is a contest where participants compete for the title of "Miss Universe.
• "The two teams entered a fierce contest for the championship title.

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2. Battle

Definition: A battle is a specific instance of combat between two or more groups, often in a military context. It can also be used metaphorically to describe a struggle or fight for something.

Example:

The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point in the American Civil War.

The company is in a battle with regulators over its business practices.

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3. Combat

• Definition: Combat refers to direct physical fighting, typically in a military context. It can also apply to any intense confrontation or struggle.
• Example:
• Soldiers were engaged in combat during the intense firefight.
• The boxer prepared for combat in the ring.

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4. Hostility:

Definition: Hostility refers to unfriendly or antagonistic behavior, attitudes, or actions. It does not necessarily involve physical conflict but indicates a state of opposition or enmity.

Example:

• The negotiations were marked by underlying hostility between the two parties.
• There was a clear hostility between the rival companies, even though they never engaged in direct competition.

Leonardo da Vinci�

The young Leonardo da Vinci was described as handsome and charming; he was a talented musician and an excellent conversationalist. At fifteen, he worked and studied with a ____ (main, leading, chief, primary) Italian artist, and by twenty had become a master painter, although he considered himself to be as much an engineer as an artist.

He began many paintings, ______ (truly, indeed, actually, however) but finished very few. Yet it was Leonardo who brilliantly solved the problem of how to make people and their faces look three-dimensional.

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Leonardo da Vinci�

Leonardo was fascinated by the law of the natural world: he even suggested that the sun ____ (halted, rested, stood, lay) still, and that the Earth moved around it, a revolutionary idea at a time when most people believed the opposite.

While Leonardo was ____ (powerfully, extremely, greatly, remarkably) admired, he was not really understood, perhaps because his scientific work was far ahead of that of his contemporaries. And even though many of his ideas remained ______ (imperfect, underdeveloped, immature, inexperienced) in his notebooks, it is simply amazing that one man had such imagination and vision.

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