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CHEMICAL BOND

The attractive foErmcpleoyewe OhpiniiconhSurhveoy lds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.)

together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond.

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OCTET RULE

Atoms can combEmipnloeyeeeOiptinhioen Srurbveyy transfer of valence electrons from one atom to

another or by sharing of valence electrons in order to have an octet in their valence shells. This is known as octet rule

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LEWIS-LANGMUIR THEORY

when two atoEmmplsoyesehOapinrioen Sournveye electron pair they are said to be joined by a single covalent bond.

If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond between them is called a double bond.

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LEWIS-LANGMUIR THEORY

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IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT BOND

Formation of ionic compounds would primarily dependEmuplopyeoe Onp:inion Survey

The ease of formation of the positive and

negative ions from the respective neutral atoms.

The arrangement of the positive and negative ions in the solid, i.e. the lattice of the crystalline compound.

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POLARITY OF BONDS

Polarity of bond arises when a pair of electrons is unEemqplouyeae lOlpyinisonhSuarvreey d between two atoms.

As a result of polarisation, the molecule possesses the dipole moment

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DIPOLE MOMENT

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VSEPR THEORY

The shape of a molecule depends upon the number ofEmvpalolyeeenOcpineionsShureveyll electron pairs around the central atom.

Pairs of electrons in the valence shell repel one another

These pairs of electrons tend to occupy such positions in space that minimise repulsion and thus maximise distance between them.

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VSEPR THEORY

The valence shell is taken as a sphere withthe electroEmnplopyeeaOirpisniolnoSucrvaeylising on the spherical surface at maximum distance from one another.

A multiple bond is treated as if it is a single electron pair.

Where two or more resonance structures can represent a molecule, the VSEPR model is applicable to any such structure

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SHAPES OF MOLECULES

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SHAPES OF MOLECULES

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SHAPES OF MOLECULES

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SHAPES OF MOLECULES

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ORBITAL OVERLAP

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ORBITAL OVERLAP

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ORBITAL OVERLAP

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TYPES OF OVERLAPPING

Sigma bond

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Pi bond

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TYPES OF OVERLAPPING

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HYBRIDISATION

(a) sp hybridisation:

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HYBRIDISATION

(a) sp2 hybridisation:

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HYBRIDISATION

(a) sp3 hybridisation:

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HYBRIDISATION

(a) sp3 hybridisation:

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HYBRIDISATION

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HYBRIDISATION

(a) sp3 d hybridisation:

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MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

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MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

The increasing order of energies of various molecular orbitals for O2 and F2 is given below

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MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

For molecules such as B2, C2, N2 etc. the increasing order of energies of various molecular orbitals is

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HYDROGEN BONDING

  1. Intermolecular hydrogen bond : It is formed between two different molecules of the same or different compounds.
  2. Intramolecular hydrogen bond : It is formed when hydrogen atom is in between the two highly electronegative (F, O, N) atoms present within the same molecule.