Lembaga Negara Penunjang
Bidang Studi Hukum Tata Negara
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia
2019
Theories of Separation of Powers
John Locke (1632-1704) in Two Treaties on Civil Government, 1690 | Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755): Introduces Trias politica in L ‘Esprit de Lois, 1748 |
Executive power Legislative power Federative power (as a power to defend the territory from hostile force) Locke includes judicial power in executive power. | Executive power (law executing) Legislative power (law making) Judicial power (law adjudicating) As a judge, Monstesquieu realizes that judicial power should stand as an independent branch of government / power, thus cannot be intervened by any other branches. |
Eoin Carolan:
New Separation of Power: State-Market-Civil Society
Theories of Separation of Powers
Montesquieu: If judicial power is not separated from executive & legislative powers, the judiciary may further exercise the executive’s abuse of power.
In essence:
- separation of powers 🡺 checks and balances
- urgency of having judicial power as an independent branch of government/
power 🡺 checks and balances with the executive & legislative powers
Konsepsi LN (dalam arti luas)
Hans Kelsen menguraikan bahwa “Whoever fulfills a function determined by the legal order is an organ”. Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961), hal.192.
Organ negara tidak selalu berbentuk organik, tetapi setiap jabatan yang ditentukan oleh hukum dapat pula disebut organ asal fungsi-fungsinya itu bersifat menciptakan norma (normcreating) dan/atau bersifat menjalankan norma (norm applying).
“These functions, be they of a norm-creating or of a norm-applying character, are all ultimately aimed at the execution of a legal sanction”.
Bahkan Hans Kelsen yang menyatakan bahwa semua organ yang menjalankan fungsi-fungsi ‘law-creating function and law-applying function’ adalah merupakan organ atau lembaga negara.
Menurut Kelsen, setiap warga negara yang sedang berada dalam keadaan menjalankan suatu ketentuan undang-undang juga dapat disebut sebagai organ negara dalam arti luas, misalnya, ketika warga negara yang bersangkutan sedang melaksanakan hak politiknya untuk memilih dalam pemilihan umum, dianggap sedang menjalankan undang-undang (law applying function) dan juga sedang melakukan perbuatan hukum untuk membentuk lembaga perwakilan rakyat (law creating function) melalui pemilihan umum.
George Jellinek
State as a organization of dignity (gezagsorganisatie) needs the structure of state organs in maintaining its order and preventing anarchy.
Jellinek mentions the state should be devided by:
The state could not exist without state main organs such as the parliament, presidency and supreme court.
Bagir Manan
Lembaga Pemerintahan
Jimly Asshiddiqie (hierarki)
Jimly Asshiddiqe �(norma sumber legitimasi)
Cont’d
Walau kewenangannya diberikan oleh UUD (memiliki constitutional importance), tapi belum tentu merupakan lembaga negara utama, karena:
Urgensi LNP
Teori Delegasi
Mark Thatcher & Alec Stonesweet (Ed.), The Politics of Delegation
Cont’d
Frank J. Goodnow, A Study of Government: Poltics and Administration
Logika Fungsional Delegasi (Thatcher & Stonesweet
Perkembangan LNP
Perkembangan LNP
(Firmansyah Arifin)
Lembaga Non Struktural
Klasifikasi Lembaga Negara (Hamdan Zoelva)
Kriteria IRA (Thatcher & Stone Sweet)
Kriteria IRA (cont’d)
Frank Vibert, The Rise of the Unelected Democracy and The New Separation of Powers
Kategori Independensi (Jimly Asshiddiqie)
Untuk Didiskusikan!