1
1
Activity 3
Chemical and Physical
Properties of Matter
What is a Chemical?
Is all matter the same?
2
Chemists classify matter as either a substance or a mixture of substances.
A substance is a form of matter that has definite composition and distinct properties.
Substances can be either elements or compounds.
Substances differ from one another in composition and may be identified by appearance, smell, taste, and other properties.
1.2
Classification of Matter
3
3
Blood
Plasma
Hemoglobin
Molecules of oxygen or atoms of Iron
Classification of Matter
4
Substances are matter that cannot be separated into simpler substances by simple means and are considered to be pure. They can be elements or compounds.
Atoms of an element
Molecules of a compound
Breakdown of Matter - Mixtures
5
A mixture can be separated by physical means into its components without changing the identities of the components.
6
Substance | Substance or Mixture | Number and symbol of each element in substance |
Ba | | |
NaF | Compound | 1 Na (sodium) and 1 F (fluorine) |
P4 | | |
CuSO4 | | |
Aqueous NaCl | | |
(NH4)3PO4 | | |
C6H5CH2CH2Cl | | |
Oil and vinegar | | |
Which of the following substances are elements, compounds or mixtures (homogeneous or heterogeneous)? �
Complete the following table.
Which pictures represent elements?
Compounds?
Gases?
Liquids or Solids
Mixtures?
7
How do you Identify Matter?
Given two substances
List the similarities and differences between them
How would you determine whether they are matter or not?
How would you determine their identity?
8
There are two general types of properties of matter:
1) Quantitative properties are measured and expressed with a number. (boiling point, density, viscosity)
2) Qualitative properties do not require measurement and are usually based on observation. (color, feel, state of matter)
Physical Properties
Chapter 1 Unit 1
9
Color
Shape
Smell
Feel
Texture
Taste
Classification of Matter
10
All substances can, in principle, exist as a solid, liquid or gas.
Solids and liquids are referred to collectively as the condensed phases.
The three states of matter can be interconverted without changing the chemical composition of the substance.
Density of Liquids
Density =
In a jar, put corn syrup, isopropyl alcohol, and cooking oil.
Does the order of addition matter?
Which substance is most dense?
Which substance has the least density?
11
mass
volume
Physical Properties of Liquid
Viscosity
The resistance of a liquid to flow.
The thicker a liquid is the greater its viscosity, the more viscous it is. The substance will not flow easily
Surface Tension
The forces holding surface molecules together.
Capillary Action results from surface tension
Vapor Pressure
The pressure exerted by the evaporated liquid in a closed container
12
Physical Properties of Solids
Tensile or Ductile Strength
Can the substance be pulled or flattened without breaking?
Is the substance malleable
Metallic Luster
Shape
Many crystals come in very unique shapes due to the bonding that occurs within the substance.
13
Physical Properties
electrical conductivity
Which substances conduct electricity?
Which substance is a good insulator?
thermal conductivity
Which substances conduct heat easily?
Wood, Glass, or Aluminum
Magnetism
Which substances are magnetic?
14
15
An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is being considered.
An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is being considered.
Extensive and Intensive Properties
Which pictures represent elements?
Compounds?
Gases?
Liquids or Solids
Mixtures?
16
Separation of Matter
17
A mixture can be separated by physical means into pure components without changing the identities of the components.
The Properties of Matter
18
Chromatography
Distillation
Examples of physical processes
Mixtures are separated , but the identities of the �matter does not change
Filtering
The Properties of Matter
19
A physical property is one that can be observed and measured without changing the identity of the substance.
A physical change is one in which the state of matter changes, but the identity of the matter does not change.
20
A physical change does not alter the composition or identity of a substance.
A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the substance(s) involved.
ice melting
sugar dissolving
in water
hydrogen burns in air to form water
Types of Changes
Changes of State
Vaporization, Condensation or Boiling point – the temperature at which the liquid vaporizes
Fusion, Melting or Freezing point – the temperature at which the solid melts or the liquid freezes.
21
Increasing Temperature
solid
liquid
gas
plasma
Sublimation
Deposition - the substance does not melt or boil but changes directly from the solid into a gas or gas to solid
Chemical Changes
22
Compounds will form in chemical reactions when the resulting substance or product is more stable or has lower energy than the reactants..
Chemical changes can often be recognized when a substance changes appearance, state of matter or there is a loss or gain of heat.
Reactants Products
H2 + O2 → H2O Cu + Br2 → CuBr
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
The Properties of Matter
23
A chemical property is one a substance exhibits as it interacts with another substance.
A chemical change is one that results in a change of composition; the original substances no longer exist.
24
| Physical | Chemical |
Change�(Action) | New form of old substance. No new substances are formed. | Old substances are destroyed, new substances are formed |
Property (Description) | Description by senses – shape, color, odor, etc. or Measurable properties – density, boiling point, etc. | List of chemical changes possible – description of a change. A chemical reaction. |
25
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Understanding the definitions, which of the following are physical properties (PP), physical changes (PC), chemical changes (CC) or chemical properties (CP)?�