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Defensive Driving

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Purpose

This Course is intended to:

Improve your traffic safety awareness
Lessen the likelihood of collisions
Eliminate

the misery and tragic cost in human lives
the financial expense involved in motor vehicle accidents

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Course Goals & Objectives

To help you understand how Your attitude affects your driving
To enable you to recognise and evaluate your current driving patterns
To ensure that you understand the responsibilities of driving
To help improve the standard of driving on the Project

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What is Defensive Driving?

Planning ahead
Being observant
Being aware of others and what they may do
Anticipating other people’s errors
Showing consideration for other road users, including pedestrians, cyclists etc.

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Road Statistics

Number 4 cause of Death in the World as per statistics
World Wide - every year

Killed - over 500,000!
Seriously Injured -� over 15 Million

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Common Causes of Vehicle Accidents

Failure to GIVE WAY the right of way
Driving too close to the vehicle in front (tailgating)
Ignoring signals
Poor standard of vehicles and lack of maintenance
EXCESSIVE SPEED
Driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs

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Major Factors

Environment

poor driving standards
poor road surfaces
extreme weather / poor visibility

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Attitude

anger & impatience
tiredness
driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs

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Major Factors.

Distractions

passengers
day-dreams
Problems
Using mobile phones while driving

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Poor Vehicle Condition

no lights
bad tyres
chassis alignment

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Give way to traffic from Left

Roundabouts

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Going Straight?

No Indicator

Indicate Right turn here

NO overtaking on roundabouts

Roundabouts

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Right Turn?

Indicate Right turn

Roundabouts

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Left turn?

Indicate Left turn

Indicate Right turn

Roundabouts

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95% of Road Accidents are Caused by Driver Error

Attitude

“IT WON’T HAPPEN TO ME”
taking risks

overtaking
speeding

abuse of alcohol or drugs
arrogance, impatience

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Driver’s Responsibility

Take into account the road conditions

surface, weather, visibility
traffic, pedestrians, animals
location - town or rural

Consider the vehicles condition

age (corrosion), brakes, tyres, lights, steering, suspension, etc.
poor maintenance

Carry out regular vehicle checks
Apply 4 seconds Safe distance

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Typical Stopping Distance

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usual residential speed limit

thinking distance

breaking distance

9m

14m

23m (75 feet)

6 car lengths

53m (175 feet)

13 car lengths

15m

38m

36m (120 feet)

9 car lengths

12m

24m

73m (240 feet) 18 car lengths

18m

55m

21m

75m

At 120 KPH it will take you 96m to stop a car

96m (315 feet)

24 car lengths

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Daily Safety Checks

Brakes operates efficiently

(including parking brakes)

Tires

Good condition, properly inflated

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Seatbelts

Fully serviceable
3 points seatbelts in front side

Lights

All functioning – including brake lights and indicators

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Headlights

Use dipped headlights in rain or when light is poor

See and be seen - you may be able to see, others may not see you.
DO NOT DAZZLE OTHER ROAD USERS WITH YOUR “MAIN” BEAM!

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If you are dazzled, pull over and give your eyes time to recover.

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Give Way / Yield

Driver must Yield or stop for all Emergency Response vehicles showing BLUE, RED or GREEN flashing lights.

Pull over to let them pass
stop if vehicles remains behind you

Do not fit or use BLUE, RED or GREEN flashing lights unless you are authorized to do so

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Four Way Flashers

Use only to indicate a�STATIONARY HAZARD
Not:-

I’m important and I’m coming through
I’m going straight on
I’m breaking the speed limit but flashing my “Four Ways” makes it � IT DOESN’T!

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Safe Driving Rules

Seatbelts must be worn at all times by the DRIVER and ALL passengers

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Drivers must wear footwear that is properly fastened and will not slip of the foot.

Footwear that is held on by single strap either through the toes or over the foot shall not be worn when driving

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Safe Driving Rules

Speed limits must be adhered to:-

Open road/Highway 80 KPH
Site 20KPH
Office area 15KPH
Camps 15KPH

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KPH

On site and on the camps PEDESTRIANS HAVE RIGHT OF WAY!

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Fail to meet your Responsibilities:-

INJURY/DEATH,
LOSS OF LOVED ONES,

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JAIL

PROPERTY DAMAGE,

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Remedial Measures

The Three E’s

Education- skills training

hazard perception
attitude changes - concentration, consideration and patience

Engineering - well maintained vehicle
Enforcement

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Driving While Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs

Daewoo has a zero tolerance to driving while under the influence of Alcohol or Drugs. It will result in:

IMMEDIATE DISMISSAL FROM EMPLOYMENT IN ANY PROJECT OF DAEWOO

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Drug and Alcohol Testing

You WILL be tested for drugs and alcohol if;

You are the driver of the vehicle that has been involved in a collision with any other object
If your conduct gives cause for concern, having committed and unsafe act, failed to comply with the rules of the road or breached any HSE requirements

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Driving To Stay Alive

Driver error is the major contributor in 95% of all collisions

THIS DOES REDUCE IF DRIVERS DRIVE DEFENSIVELY

A collision WILL happen if

Driver has failed to do everything reasonably practical to prevent it

DEFENSIVE DRIVING is when the Driver conscientiously drives to PREVENT accidents

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Five seeing habits

Aim high in steering
Get The big picture
Keep your eyes moving
Leave yourself an out
Make sure they see you

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1 - Aim High in Steering

ACTION Zone 4 to 6 seconds, do an action immediately!

SEEING Zone 12 to 15 seconds, check hazards to adjust conditions your vehicle, pick a target in the center of your lane

PLANNING Zone 30 to 120 seconds, you have time to smoothly and safely avoid the danger.

3 ZONES:

The first of the five seeing habits is “aim high in steering”.

This means to train your eyes to lead the vehicle down the road by seeing as far ahead as possible. You want to look to the farthest hill and as deep into turns as you can see.

By aiming high you can divide the view into three zones:

The zone that is four to six seconds in front of your vehicle is called the action zone. You must know what is going on and what other drivers are doing in this zone. If not, you are in trouble.

The area that lies 12 to 15 seconds in front of you is called the seeing zone. Within this zone hazards can be clearly defined and you still have time to safely adjust to changing conditions. Pick a target in the center of your lane 15 seconds ahead to center your vehicle. This will also keep you from “sawing the wheel”

The furthest area is called the planning zone. That is the area that lies 30 to 120 seconds in front of you.

The planning zone is where you spot trouble early. If you identify a hazard thirty seconds in advance of reaching it, you have time to smoothly and safely avoid the danger.

These three zones are changing every second while you drive. By constantly aiming high in steering, you will recognize problems early and deal with them safely as they move through the three zones.

That is one of the major benefits in acquiring the aim high habit. You will identify problems early. You can then adjust your driving and deal with them safely.

Low aim drivers, those that only use the action zone, will be surprised by people at intersections and by road construction on their route.

They will brake hard and change lanes frequently. They wear out their vehicles and their nerves in short order.

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1 - Aim High in Steering

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Action Zone

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1 - Aim High in Steering

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Seeing Zone

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1 - Aim High in Steering

DW-HSE-TM0016

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Planning Zone

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1 - Aim High in Steering

Centre your vehicle on the lane.
Spot early the drivers who are:

Driving erratically.
Lurking behind a truck.

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Avoid Head on, Head collision

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1 - Aim High in Steering

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Avoid Head

on

Head collision

When you are practicing Aim High In Steering, you may not have to hit anything. A Head On may be Preventable:

Reading the Road in your Planning Zone, 30-120 seconds in front of you may give you the edge that you need to prevent a head-on collision. Look for oncoming cars swerving or lurking behind other cars. You will have an opportunity here to plan ahead.

If a car is lurking or behaving questionably in the Seeing Zone, 12-15 seconds in front of you, reduce your speed if you have time and move to your side of the road or even leave the road under control. Do not wait for the impending crash.

If there is a problem of any kind in the Action Zone, 4-6 seconds in front of you, TAKE ACTION NOW to avoid the head-on collision. A swerving car, lurking car, a car that has dropped a wheel, any type of problem here could kill you. Warn the other driver if there is time and Brake Hard. Then quickly release your brakes. If your brakes are locked you will skid. You cannot control a skidding vehicle. Turn right, turn left, you will still slide straight. Get your wheels rolling to maintain steering control. Do not hesitate to leave the road. Drive off the road. Do not skid. Keep control and always drive the vehicle until it stops.

Your concentration on the road, practicing your Aim High techniques and your driving can Prevent the deadly Head-On.

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1 - Aim High in Steering

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Watch for other drivers lurking behind others in oncoming traffic.

Never go into the opposite lane, the oncoming driver may attempt to swerve back to that side of the road

Keep in mind that Head-Ons are deadly and better to hit a stationary objects than approching vehicle.

(Instructor note: You may want to ask for suggestions and stories, particularly in this section, most drivers have seen or have had to deal with one of these situations and this will allow a release of any tension and will give everyone in the class an opportunity to participate. They will, no doubt, remember details of a frightening experience and this can bring home the severity of the situation).

When Aiming High In Steering in the face of a Head-On Collision, never go into the opposite lane, the oncoming driver may attempt to swerve back to that side of the road.

Watch for other drivers lurking behind others in oncoming traffic. Lurkers are tailgating impatiently becoming increasingly frustrated. They may chose to pass in an unsafe area.

Above all, keep in mind that Head-Ons are deadly and it is always better to hit a stationary object than an approaching vehicle.

It is preferable to hit a fixed object, such as a bush, fence or small tree rather than take a head on collision, or

Hit something moving in the same direction as your vehicle, this may mean hitting another driver, but the blow will be much less damaging overall.

If a head on is inevitable, try to make it a glancing blow. Try to make the collision at an angle so you will bounce off.

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2 - Get the Big Picture

In front you.
On your Left
On your Right
Behind you
Below you
Above you

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Driver must analyze the route continually, you must look :

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2 - Get the Big Picture

Re-establish your visibility.
Maintain your space.
Create a safe area or “bubble” around your vehicle.

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2 - Get the Big Picture

Driving is a full time job
Stay focused on the task at hand, don’t be distracted.
Avoid fixed vision.
”Understand ” the road rather than simply “ Looking ” at the road

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When driving you must not become distracted. Driving is a full time job. Your brain must stay focused on the task at hand.

Avoid fixed vision, you must Get The Big Picture. You have to “Understand the Road” rather than simply “Looking at the Road”. When you spot something in your planning zone, a hazard, brake lights coming on the vehicle in front of you, react to it. Adjust accordingly. It is very important to keep mentally alert and avoid “rubbernecking”.

Remember the five distractions: route problems, mental disturbances, scenery, in car distractions, (An interesting fact about cell phones is that the person who is on the phone is four times more likely to have an accident while on the phone and up to 15 minutes after the call has ended, that is the same percentage as impaired drivers.), and unfamiliar driving tasks.

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2 - Get the Big Picture

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Back off and Get the Big Picture!!!

If you cannot see around

the truck!

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2 - Get the Big Picture

If you plan to pass the next car, think first :

Do you really need to do this? Perhaps it would be better to wait!
Is it safe, do you have enough space and time?
Is it legal?

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2 - Get the Big Picture

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If you make the decision to pass,

Don’t forget : turn signal, check mirrors,

And accelerate but remember it is never legal to exceed the posted limit : you need at least 5 M/H or 8 KPH more speed than the vehicle you are passing to pass safely.

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2 - Get the Big Picture

On hills or curves, you must drive at a speed that you will be able control, maintain a ‘Stop-ability’.

SLOW DOWN!, Driving in the mountains is not the same as driving where you can see for miles ahead.

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Getting the Big Picture and keeping your minimum following distance is very important when driving on hills and curves. You must drive at a speed that you will be able to control, maintain a “Stop-ability”. If you can only see two or three seconds down the road, SLOW DOWN. Driving in the mountains is not the same as driving where you can see for miles ahead. You must adjust any time you lose your Big Picture ability.

A stale green light is any light that you did not see turn green. By using your Aim High technique you will identify a stale green light. You must assume that the light will change before you enter the intersection. When approaching a stale green light you must maintain “See-ability” and “Stop-ability.” You must pick a spot on the road that will be the last point at which you will either brake or continue through the intersection. This is called the point of decision. Keeping in mind the intersecting traffic and the traffic behind you, you must decide if it is safer to stop short of the light or continue through the intersection. Sometimes hitting the brakes can cause more damage than coasting through the light, not racing, but coasting.

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3 – Keep Your Eyes Moving

Two types of vision:
Only the Sharp central core has the clearly vision

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Central vision

Peripheral

vision

The third of our five seeing habits is “Keep your eyes moving”.

In some ways this is the most critical of all your driving techniques. Keeping your eyes moving enables you to focus on all the many activities that are taking place around you as you drive.

For that reason, the keep your eyes moving habit is absolutely essential to making all the other habits work.

You have two types of vision; a sharp central core where your conscious mind is sorting and analyzing the information provided by your eyes,

And a much wider, but less focused peripheral vision that is good for spotting movement but ineffective in analyzing what that movement is.

We use both types of vision constantly. When we see movement with our peripheral vision, we move our central focus to truly see and understand what is happening.

Spotting movement and moving your central vision to focus on it, does not happen instantaneously. The lag time between spotting movement in your peripheral vision and focusing on it is called perception time.

This perception time plus the time it takes to act on that understanding accounts for the two seconds think/act time required when computing stopping distance.

In order to get the big picture, to keep track of your engine status, to spot the car coming quickly from behind you, to use your planning zone and on and on and on you must keep your eyes moving. Otherwise you will find yourself in a blank stare.

In a blank stare your eyes no longer work together to focus on a single object.

You lose depth, speed and distance perception. All of which are required to drive safely.

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3 – Keep Your Eyes Moving

Make a habit of:

Moving your eyes focusing your central vision every 2 seconds.
Scan from side to side.
Include your mirrors in your scanning every 5 to 8 seconds

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You must train yourself to keep your eyes moving. Make a habit of moving your eyes and focusing your central vision every two seconds.

Get into the habit of scanning from side to side. Check to the left, check to the front, check to the right utilizing the focus of your central vision constantly as you drive.

Every five to eight seconds, include your mirrors in your scanning. Check your gauges periodically and continue to keep your eyes moving.

Including your mirrors is especially important. All mirrors have blind spots and seeing vehicles approaching you from behind before they get into your space bubble is important.

Another key habit to build is this: foot to brake, eyes to mirror.

Anytime you brake, check your mirror to be certain the following driver is alert to your action and can stop in time.

Don’t allow yourself to be distracted by objects or activities inside or outside your vehicle.

You will adjust your scan as you drive according to traffic and approaching hazards. Approaching an intersection for example is no time to check your gauges. Like all of driving, the keep your eyes moving technique requires constant attention to ever changing conditions.

Anytime that you become fixated on anything for too long, you lose your eye movement habit and in effect lose the big picture.

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3 – Keep Your Eyes Moving

Keep your eyes moving habits is particularly important in preventing intersection collisions

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The keep your eyes moving habit is particularly important in preventing intersection collisions. Intersection collisions are killers. The impact often occurs where the driver and passenger have the least protection.

Rules are required for intersection safety that work in conjunction with your five seeing habit techniques. First, you must recognize the intersection.

Not all intersections are clearly defined and formally marked with signs or lights. There are informal intersections, as well. The entrance or exit of a parking lot, and the point where a driveway enters the road are also types of intersections. Anywhere another vehicle can cross your path is an intersection and you must recognize it and respond accordingly. Aim high in steering and keep your eyes moving to recognize intersections when approaching them. You want to see them while they are in your planning zone 30 to 120 seconds in front of you.

Next, read the intersection. Reading the intersection means understanding all the hazards you may face at that intersection. Buildings or signs that block your or another drivers’ vision, traffic, the intentions of others are all factors that you must read and understand at every intersection. We should read the intersection by checking Left Right Left. This LRL scan gets you to look toward the traffic that will affect you first. It does not mean that you only look Left twice and Right twice. You look to the left and right 10, 20 times each as necessary. You are scanning constantly starting as soon as you first recognize it.

You must understand the hazards presented by each intersection and pay attention to the intentions of others as you approach it. Make sure they see you and confirm it with eye contact or another form of feedback such as a wave. Protect yourself from the mistakes of others. Make them commit to the stop or the turn before you continue. Never just assume they will stop or turn.

The third key rule for intersection safety is control your speed. Take your foot off the accelerator, cover the brake and give yourself more time to evaluate the intentions of others. In addition, if evasive action, including stopping space or swerving space , is required, you will need to have your speed down. Another control of speed is to speed up, get through the intersection before collision occurs.

The final of the four main rules for intersection safety is one you must always utilize. Leave yourself a stopping, swerving space. You must always leave yourself an out anywhere you drive. Intersections add some complexity to this driving technique because your out to the front can suddenly be taken away. Always keep stopping or swerving space available at an intersection. By controlling your speed and pre-selecting an out, you will have options that can avoid a collision.

Again when entering an intersection, control your speed. Only when you are at the edge of the intersection can you see the whole picture so KEEP YOUR EYES MOVING.

The four main rules for intersection safety are: recognize the intersection, read the intersection, control your speed and leave yourself an out by maintaining stopping or swerving space. In addition to the four main rules you just reviewed, there are other habits you can build that will further reduce the risk.

Always check left, right, left before proceeding through the intersection. This is called clearing the intersection. You should start clearing the intersection as soon as you recognize it in your planning zone. Then you keep checking left, right, left continually until you are safely through the intersection. Never lead through an intersection. Most often it is the first vehicle through that gets hit. If you stay stopped while checking left, right, left as the light changes most often someone else will have jumped off the line anyway. But if at all possible, never lead. Let someone else assume the risk of leading.

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3 – Keep Your Eyes Moving

Move your eyes at least every 2 seconds.
Look at the mirrors every 5 to 8 seconds.
Scan the big picture from side to side.

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4 - Leave Yourself an Out

Nine recommended rules for backing :

Clear the rear
Sound the horn before you start to move.
Never trust the scene you checked to stay the same.
Back slowly
As you back, check both side mirrors.
Don’t back further than necessary.
Back to the driver’s side.
Use the ground guide
Always park so your first move is forward.

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5- Make Sure They See You

Make sure they see you:

pedestrian
Other drivers
Animals

By using :

Horn, lights, turn signal, hand signal, your position or Stop.

Don’t drive in blind spots.

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The fifth of the five seeing habits is “Make sure they see you”.

As you know, all five of the seeing habits tie together. Each technique is built upon and relies upon the four others.

For example, as you aim high in steering, in your seeing zone you spot children playing with a ball beside the road.

You’re moving your eyes, getting the big picture and asking what if that child runs into the street. You can’t change lanes so you reduce your speed.

Now, what element is missing?

The missing element that is required for safety is communication.

The most effective preventable measure you can take is to make sure they see you.

Horns, lights and turn signals are communication devices. They enable you to inform others of your intentions and help you establish eye contact.

You can never assume that someone sees you.

Your only safe assumption when driving is that others want to avoid being in an accident just like you do. If they see you they will try to avoid hitting you.

You should make a habit of making sure other drivers see you.

When approaching an intersection, or pedestrian, make sure they see you with a friendly tap of your horn.

Make eye contact and confirm it with a friendly wave or other form of feedback.

Others may think you are the friendliest person on the road. Or they may think you are crazy.

Either way, they will see you and you will know they see you.

How can you make yourself known?

Horn, this is your strongest attention-getter.

Lights, they let others see you coming any time of day. In Schlumberger, all vehicles are required to use their lights any time a vehicle is driven if it is legal and accepted in your country.

Turn Signals, often do mean a driver is going to turn, but the only thing that you can be sure of when you see a turn signal blinking, is that the bulb is working. We have all seen people driving mile after mile with one signal blinking. Therefore don’t believe that just because the signal is on that someone is turning. Make them make a commitment.

Hand Signals, if you are in a situation where this will be most visible, use them.

Position yourself where you can be seen, on the backs of some trucks it will say “If you can’t see my mirrors, I can’t see you.” MAKE SURE THEY SEE YOU. Don’t drive in blind spots.

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5- Make Sure They See You

Parked vehicle, drivers or passengers ready to open doors.

Check the intentions of incoming traffic
Use your signals well in advance.
Wait for a response.
Keep eye contact.
Headlights on at dawn & dusk - at least 30 minutes before sunset (dusk) and 30 minutes after sunrise (dawn), and

during poor visibility (Ex. SANDSTORM).

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Aim High in Steering

Get the Big Picture

Leave yourself an out

Keep your eyes moving

Make sure they see you

Central

Vision

Peripheral

Vision

Always, Follow the

Five Seeing Habits

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Standard Accident Prevention Techniques

Recognise the hazard
Understand the defence
Act correctly in good time

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Remember it takes Time to See, Understand & Act.

Defensive Drivers allow themselves a few seconds of “thinking time”.

So in terms of the Lives, Time and Money that can be Saved, these techniques are a measure worth taking

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Good Drivers Are:-

SKILLED
AWARE
CAUTIOUS
CONSIDERATE
COURTEOUS

ALIVE

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The “Do’s” for Good Drivers

DO wear your seatbelt

and make sure ALL of your passengers wear theirs too - it’s your responsibility

DO keep your speed down
DO maintain your vehicle
DO drive defensively at ALL times

concentrate
think ahead

BE A SAFE DRIVER - NOT A SHAMEFUL DRIVER

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The “Don’ts” for Good Drivers

DON’T drink and drive
DON’T carry excess loads

passenger and/or materials

DON’T take chances with lives

yours or anyone else`s

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How to Prevent an Accident

Recognise the hazards
Anticipate what others may or may not do
Know and follow the rules
Signal correctly and in good time
Only move into another lane or road when it is clear and it is safe to do so
Do not ‘tailgate’

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How to Prevent an Accident

Use dipped headlights in rain or when light is poor

See and be seen - you may be able to see, others may not see you

Do not exceed the speed limits

Speed limits are maximum limits, at times it may be necessary to drive below the limit

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Project Requirements

Only AUTHORISED drivers may drive vehicles on site
Site speed limits MUST be obeyed
REVERSE park whenever possible

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If It All Goes Wrong

In the event of having an accident:
STOP IMMEDIATELY
If there is anybody hurt, get medical help immediately (Call 000-xxxx-zzzz)
All collisions are to be reported to Daewoo HSE section without delay to permit the road traffic unit to attend.
Be pro-active, help in the investigation
Remember, all drivers involved in an accident are to be tested for drugs and alcohol

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Things to Think About

Do not use a hand held radio or mobile telephone while driving
Do not smoke while driving
Ensure that you and all passengers wear seatbelts

if your vehicle has only 2 seatbelts, only 2 persons will travel.

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Project Driving Permit

Permit system is controlled by Daewoo HSE
The permit shall be carried at all times.
It is to be produced at the request of any Project Supervisor, Road Traffic Officer, Safety Personnel or Security Staff
It is not to be given to, or used by, any other person

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Summary

Drive badly�An Accident waiting to happen
Drive Safely�Live Long - Be Happy

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