06.02 IMMUNE SYSTEM

Mrs. Jessica Romito

SUMMARY, OBJECTIVES, AND STANDARDS

Review module

• 06.02 Immune System
• Physical and chemical barriers
• Nonspecific immune and inflammatory response
• Vaccine response

Review assessment

• 06.02 assessment: assignment submission

By the end of this class you will

1. Know the structures and functions of the immune system
2. Be able to explain the physical and chemical barriers in an immune response
3. Understand how a vaccine works
4. Successfully complete assessment submission for 06.02

STANDARDS�SC.912.L.14.52: Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.

HE.912.C.1.5: Analyze strategies for prevention, detection, and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.

IMMUNE SYSTEM

FUNCTION: (mainly) to keep infectious microorganisms, such as certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi, out of the body, and to destroy any infectious microorganisms that do invade the body.

INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

Illness can be caused by have a variety of PATHOGENS including: fungi, spores, and single-celled animals like amoebas. 

Most common illnesses in humans are caused by BACTERIA and VIRUSES.� 

Bacteria are tiny single-celled organisms that are present everywhere. Most bacteria are HARMLESS, and some are even beneficial. 

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PATHOGENS

A virus is a kind of parasite. It can’t live by itself without a host cell. It is not considered a LIVING organism. When it enters a living cell, it takes over the resources of that cell and uses them to reproduce itself. 

INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

The SKIN is your first line of defense. It's generally impermeable to bacteria and viruses. It also secretes anti-bacterial ENZYMES. Without these chemical secretions, your skin could become the home for molds, fungi, and colonies of other microorganisms. 

Tears and SALIVA contain an ANTIBACTERIAL enzyme that can kill microorganisms by breaking down their cell walls. 

Antigens can get stuck in the mucus of your NASAL passages and THROAT and can be swallowed. Then your stomach acid goes to work. 

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INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

An antigen is any substance that your body reacts against. It can be microorganisms, such as a bacteria or a virus. It can be a TOXIN, a poisonous substance, or an unhealthy cell from your own body such as a CANCER cell.

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Normal cells may become cancer cells. Before cancer cells form in tissues of the body, the cells go through abnormal changes called hyperplasia and dysplasia. In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under a microscope. In dysplasia, the cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not become cancer.

IMMUNITY

Fever

NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

BASOPHILS float through your bloodstream and gather at sites of infection. Once there, they release a chemical substance called HISTAMINE from the little granules contained within each cell. 

HISTAMINES cause inflammation and increased blood flow. This brings NEUTROPHILS and monocytes to the site. 

NEUTROPHILS are attracted by inflammation and infection. Like basophils, they, too, contain granules filled with powerful chemicals that are released when they encounter foreign invaders. They can also gobble up these antigens and kill them before they enter the bloodstream. 

Dead neutrophils form the PUS we sometimes see at the site of a cut. 

Once at the injury site, the MONOCYTE turns into a macrophage or cell eater. It surrounds and engulfs invading microorganisms and cleans up dead neutrophils and other cellular debris. 

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NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES

SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

The cells responsible for the body's specific immune responses are the B and T-lymphocytes.

They work independently and together to provide protection to the body against foreign agents such as bacteria, viruses, toxins, chemicals that we may ingest in some form

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: eliminate pathogens—completed by the B and T lymphocytes

B-CELLS

Made in bone marrow

Respond to one and only one antigen.

Each B-cell has a cluster of immunoglobulin, or antibody molecules, on its surface that are keyed to that antigen.

Once a B-cell locates an antigen, the immunoglobulins lock on to the complementary molecules on it.

By binding to the invader, the B-cell can neutralize or destroy it.

This binding process also triggers the production and release of antibodies specific to the antigen.

• Antibodies are proteins designed to bind to a specific antigen.
• They can stick to and deactivate antigens without the presence of a B-cell.
• B memory cells are stored in the spleen

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T-CELLS

1. Helper T-cells
• Helper T-cells regulate the nature and extent of all your immune responses
• When a harmful antigen is present, they send out chemical messengers called cytokines.
• Cytokines stimulate the production of B-cells and antibodies, as well as more helper and killer T-cells.
• When an infection is under control, they stop the immune response

T-CELLS

2. Cytotoxic, or killer T-cells.
• Molecularly coded for a specific antigen.
• Each killer T-cell has a unique surface molecule called a T-cell receptor.
• Allows the T-cell to bind to and destroy cells from your body that have been infected with a specific antigen.
• But the killer T-cell must be bound to that infected cell to destroy it.
• Cell-mediated immune response.

Memory T-cells provide protection against future infections.

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VACCINES, ANTIBIOTICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Vaccinations are made from a DEAD form of the organism or a form of the organism that cannot cause disease. 

When a vaccine is injected into a person, they develop an IMMUNE response to the vaccine and they have a MEMORY to the virus. 

Some viruses keep MUTATING and changing their structure so that vaccines are not as effective against them. 

Antibiotics are CHEMICALS that seek out and kill bacterial cells without harming any other cells. 

Antibiotics are effective against BACTERIAL infections, but they have no effect on most VIRUSES

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ASSIGNMENT 06.02

For this assignment you are provided this prompt:

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Florence Flu and her brother Frank Flu are invading viruses with a mission to get you sick! It’s time to describe all the defenses they will encounter as they battle your immune system.

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Complete the missing sections of the story below with great detail. The missing portions of the story should be added using complete sentences.

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Before you begin writing, go back and review your lesson notes including the video worksheets. Submit a copy of your completed story in the assessment area.

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ASSIGNMENT 06.02

Complete the missing sections of the story below with enough detail to fully tell the story.

1. Florence and Frank Flu are waiting patiently on a door knob for their chance at a pickup. As your hand approaches the door knob, they seize the opportunity and latch on to your skin. What will happen to Florence and Frank as they attempt to find an entrance to your body? (4 points)
• Worksheet from page 2
• Keep in mind what anti-bacterial means
• Take note of what type of pathogen the flu is                                                   
2. As you enter your kitchen, you snag an orange from the fruit bowl and begin to peel away the skin. When you pop an orange slice in your mouth, Florence Flu slides in too. What chemical barriers will stop her now? (4 points)
• Worksheet from page 2
• Remember the path of the alimentary canal and what organs are after the mouth                                                
3. Florence is dead, but Frank Flu has found a way into your body through a tiny cut on your hand. Which non-specific chemical and biological immune responses could destroy Frank Flu before he replicates? Describe exactly how each of these responses could take Frank down! (4 points)
• Module page 3 and worksheet from page 3
• Include physical and chemical responses                                           
4. Your non-specific immunity killed Frank, but not before he managed to infect a cell and replicate. His clones are everywhere and now your specific immunity must take over. List and describe all the components of your specific immunity that will destroy all the Frank Flu clone viruses! (4 points)
• Worksheet from page 4                                                    
5. Now that the invasion is over, what will your immune system do to prepare for future attacks from Frank’s relatives? (4 points)
• Worksheet from page 4                                                   

GRADING RUBRIC

Contact Information

Mrs. Jessica Romito

Phone Number: +1 (301) 485-9114

(text/call/WhatsApp)

Email: jromito@laurelsprings.com

Mrs. Romito's iClassroom

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