Making of a Nation is often Identify as with a single individual
Italy: Guiseppe Garibaldi India: Mahatma Gandhi
America: George Washington Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh
Emergence of Nationalism & Its Phases
Indian National Congress Formed In 1885 (Bombay)
By A.O Hume (Allan Octavion Hume)
Ist Indian President (Wyomesh Chandra Benerjee)
Phases of Indian Nationalism
Ist Phase: 1885-1905 Called Phase of Moderates
Old Leaders Believed In Petitions/Requests & Letters
Did Not Want Freedom But Only Share Powers
Supported By Some Leaders Like: Dada Bhai Naroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Feroz Shah Mehta & Mohd Ali Jinnah
2nd Phase: 1905-1917 Called Phase of Extremist
Young Leaders Believed on Voilent Confrontation
Demanded For Swaraj Leaders: Lala Lajpat Ray/Bipin Chandra Pal/Bal Gangadar Tilak
Phases on Indian Nationalism
3rd Phase 1917-1947: Called Phase Of Gandhian Nationalism
Phase of Mass Mobilisation
Peasant And Working Became Part of Indian National Movtement
Satyagraha: Truth & Non Voilence
1915: Political Atmosphere In India
Indian National Congress Had Its Branches In Major Cities & Towns
1905-1907: Swadeshi Movt Against The Partition of Bengal (Middle Class)
G.K Gokhale Mentor of Gandhi Advised Him To Travel India & Understand Political Scenario.
Feb 1916: Opening of Banaras Hindu University (BHU)
Public Appearance of Gandhiji
During Speech of Gandhi Make it Clear That if India wants To attain its freedom The common man had to participate in Indian freedom Struggle.
Dec 1916: Annual Congress Session In Lucknow
Peasant From Champaran (Rajkumar Shukla) Approached Gandhiji
Problems of Indigo Plantations
Way To Non Cooporation Movement (Early Satyaraha)
1917: Champaran Bihar (Against Indigo Plantation)
Tinkhatia System: Peasants Were Forced To Grow Indigo
1918: Ahmedabad Gujrat
For The Right of Textile Mill Workers (Better Wages, Fixed Timings, Better Working Conditions)
1918: Kheda Gujrat
Peasant Satyagrah For The Remission of revenue as crops failed due to flu Pendamic
1919: Montague Chalmsford Reform Dyarchy Two Levels of Govt
March 1919: Sir Sydney Rowlatt (Rowlatt Act: Black Act) Detention Without Trial For 2 Years
Gandhiji Called For Rowlatt Satyagraha 6 April 1919 (Nationwide Bandh & Hartal)
In Punjab Satyagraha Was Intense – Many Soldiers Fought In World War I
9 April: Saifuddin Ketchlew/Satyapal Malik Arrested
Gandhiji was detained on his way to Punjab.
10 April Firing Between Local People and Police In Amritsar
Martial Law Under British Brigadier Dyer
13 April 1919: Peoples Gathered at Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar) To Celebrate Baisakhi Festival
General Dyer Entered The Ground, Blocked The Exit And Ordered Troops To Open Fire on The People.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (400 People Killed) Rawlatt Satyagraha was Called Off
Beginning of Non Cooperation Movement
Gandhi Now Decide For a Nation Wide Mass Satyagraha (Non Cooperation With British Rule)
Complete Renunciation of Association With The British Government
To Unite Muslim & Hindus Gandhi Joined Hands With The Khilafat Movt Leaders: Mohammad Ali & Showkat Ali
Movement Led By Indian Muslims To Restore “Caliphate” (Head of Islamic World)
1st Jan 1921: Khilafat & Non Cooperation Launched (Hindu-Muslim Unity: End of British Rule)
1- Students Left British Schools & Colleges
2: Lawyers left Law Courts
3: Officials Left British Offices
4: Workers Went on Strike
5: Boycott of Foreign Goods (Khadi Promoted)
6: Liquor Shops Destroyed
7: Hill Tribe of North Voilated Forest Laws.
8: Peasants Refused To Carry Loads
{Peasants Workers Acted on The Call To Non Cooperation In The Best Way Suited To Them}
Louis Fischer: Non Cooperation Training For Self Rule
5 Feb 1922: Chauri Chaura Incident (Local People Burnt a Police Station In Which 22 Policeman Died)
March 1922: Gandhi Withraw Non Cooperation Movement & Was Arrested For Sedition
In 1922 Gandhi Make Indian National Movement a Mass Movement (Gandhi Became a True Nationalist Leader)
Peasants & Workers Respected Him Called Him Mahatama
He Lived and Dressed Simple Like a Common People & Spoke Language of Common People
Promoted and Himself Worked In Charkha
Shahid Amin: Peasants Followed Gandhi In Large Numbers In Eastern U.P 1921
Rumours Spread of His Miraculous Power He Will End The British Rule & Free Peasants And Workers From Oppression
Social Reform Works of Gandhi
Path To Salt Satyagraha
1927: British Govt. Announced Formation of Simon Commission Under Sir John Simon (To Enquire Political Devp.)
All 7 Members Was British Officials
1928: Opposition of Simon Commission Throughout India
Bardoli Satyagraha Peasant Satyagraha Led By Sardar Patel
Dec 1929: Lahore Session of Indian National Congress
Election of Jawahar Lal Nehru As The President Another Side Demand For Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence)
26 Jan 1930: First Independence Day of India
Hosting of National Flag Singing of Patriotic Songs Public Rallies & Fasting
Social Development Works: Service of Untouchables And Hindu-Muslim Unity
Dandi March
31 Jan 1930: Gandhi Wrote Letter To Viceroy Lord Irwin (11 Demands Including Salt Law) Salt Sold At High Price
Deadline Was Given Till 11 March 1930
12 March 1930: Gandhi Started Salt March (From Sabarmati Ashram Along With 72 Followers 240 Miles Walk)
6 April 1930: Reached Coastal Town of Dandi (Gujrat) Broke Salt Law By Making Salt Beginning of CDM
Civil Disobedience Movement (Breakdown Laws)
Peasants & Forest People Broke The Forest Laws
Nai Dhobi Band To Englishmen
Factory Workers Went on Strike
Lawyers Boycotted Law Courts
Students Refused To Go To Govt. Run Institutions
Boycott of Foreign Goods
Britishers Detained Gandhi And Other Leaders
Large Number of Indians Were Also Arrested.
Salt Movement Was Important For 3 Main Reasons?
1. The Movement Brought Mahatma Gandhi World Attention
2. Large Scale Participation of Women In Indian National Struggle For The First Time. (Kamladevi,Chatopadhya)
3. The Britishers Realized That Their Raj Would Not Last Forever & That They Need To Desolve Some Power To Indians.
Round Table Conference In London
Nov 1930: No Congress Member
Jan 1931: Gandhi & Other Prominent Leaders Were Released From The Jail.
5 March 1931: Gandhi Irwin Pact
1- Civil Disobedience Will Be Called Off
2- Political Prisoners Will Be Released.
3- Indians Will Be Allowed To Manufacture Salt.
II Round Table Conference: Gandhi Represented Congress To Be a Party of All Indians.
Gandhiji’s Claim was Opposed By II RTC
-> Muslim League -> Princely States ->B.R Ambedkar (Represented Lower Castes)
Dec 1931: Gandhi Returned To India & Resumed Civil Disobedience Movement
Arrested In January.
Lord Irwin Replaced To Lord Wavell No Sympathy To Gandhi
III Round Table Conference: Nov-Dec 1932: No Congress Member
1935: Government of India Act
Central Legislative & Provincial Legislature (Elected with Limited Franchise & Complete Indian)
1937: Provincial Elections Congress Formed Ministers Congress Win The Majority 8 Out of 11 Provinces
Sep 1939: II World War Started
Gandhi & J.L Nehru Promised Indian Support To The Britishers If They Promised Indian Freedom After War.
However The Offer was Refused Outcome: Congress Ministers Resigned in 1939
1940-41: Individual Satyagraha
March 1940: Muslim League Passed Resolution Demanded Autonomous Muslim Majority Areas
Britain Had All Party Govt: Labour Party- Sympathetic To Indians Conservative Members-P.M Willian Churchill
Insisted That He Will Not Give India Its Freedom.
April 1942 Cripps Mission (Sir Stafford Cripps)
Promised Dominion Status (Failed Agreement)
Congress Demand Indian Defense Member In Executive Council.
Quit India: Aug 1942-Quit India Resolution – Bombay
Gandhi Slogan: Do Or Die
9th Aug 1942: All The Important Nationalist Leaders Were Arrested.
Movement Was Led By Young Activists. Like: Aruna Asaf Ali, Jayprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia
-> Young Students Organised Hartals & Strikes. ->Jail Bharo Andolan ->Youth Left Schools & Colleges
-> Independent Govt. was Established In Satara (Maharashtra) And Medinipur (Bengal)
1943: Muslim League And Jinnah Strenghthened Its Position In Punjab And Sindh. (Pakistan Demand)
In June 1944: Gandhi was Released (Discussion B/w Gandhi & Jinnah Under Lord Wovell)
1945: Labour Govt. In Britain P.M Clement Attee Announced Freedom of India.
1946: Provincial Elections Members Were Chosen For Constituent Assembly
(Congress Won General Seats & Muslims Win Majority in Muslim Reserved Seats)
Cabinet Mission: Pathek Lawrence /A.V Alexender/ Stafford Cripps (Lose Federation with weak Centre)
Group A-B Muslim Majority And Group C Hindu Majority
Direct Action Day By Muslim League: 16 Aug 1946- Blood Riots In Culcutta Bengal/Bihar & Punjab.
Feb 1947: Lord Wovell To Lord Mountbatten Announcement of Partition & Freedom To India
14 Aug: Pakistan Formed & 15 Aug: Indian Independence
Last Heroic Days
On 15 Aug 1947: Gandhiji was Not Present In Capital. 24 Hour Fasting Nokhali Bengal To Stop Hindu-Muslim Riots
D.G Tendulkar: Gandhiji went place to place to ensure Religious Harmony.
Congress Passed Resolution on the Rights of Minorities
Congress never accept two nation theory and believed india will be land of many religions & Castes
India Would be a democratic secular state (Equal Rights to all citizens) No domination of majority
From Bengal Gandhi Moved To Delhi: Many Peoples Opposed Gandhi for only favouring muslims in india & not doing anything for hindus & Sikhs in Pakistan.
An Attempt was made to kill Gandhi 20 Jan 1948 & On 26th Jan 1948: Gandhi Told People About Past & How Independence Day Celebrated
30 Jan 1948: Nathuram Godse Shot Dead Gandhi (Great Mourning All Over The World)
Conclusion:
Georgre Orvwell & Albert Einstien Condoled
Times Magazine Compared The Martyrdom of Gandhi with Abraham Lincoln.
Knowing Gandhi: Speech & Letters/Auto Biography/ Police Reports / Newspaper & Journals.
Presentation Completed By:
Dr. Naveed Ahmed