MCAS REVIEW
Other review resources:
Quizlet Study Sets
Workbooks and Binders
Website Review Material Page http://msjbennett.wix.com/8science
Previous Slide Shows
MCAS graphic organizer (link is in Review section of Google Classroom)
Review old Homework Question
Earth and Space Science
Layers of Earth
Crust Candy
Mantle Melts
Outer Core On
Inner Core Infernos
Solid Crust includes the Lithosphere
Convection Currents in the Mantle
Outer Core- LIQUID Iron and Nickel
Inner Core- SOLID Iron and Nickel
Fossil Record
Younger fossils
Closer to the surface
Mineral and Fossil Resources
Unevenly distributed
Around the world.
Heat Transfer
Convection - Happens in Air and Water - Weather and Ocean Currents
Conduction - Happens through direct contact - Cooking on a Stove- Touching
Radiation - Through waves - From the Sun or a Fire
Sun’s energy drives movement in air and ocean
The Sun heats water, land, and air at different rates.
This causes air movement like sea and land breezes, and large movement like the Jet Stream.
Also causes ocean currents like the Gulf Stream which heats Europe.
Water is able to hold a lot of heat
energy and release the heat slowly.
Because of this cities by the coast are
warmer during the winter and cities
that are far away from oceans are
cooler during the winter.
Because of large bodies of water cities by the ocean are cooler during summer and cities that are far away from oceans are warmer during the summer.
What substance heats and cools quickly?
What substance heat and cools slowly?
Air
Land
Ocean
Water can absorb heat in the summer, keeping coastal towns cooler.
Water can release heat in the winter, keeping coastal towns warmer.
Earth’s crustal plates move and cause changes
Fast Changes Slow Changes
Earthquake, Mudslide Trenches, Mid Ocean Ridge
Volcanoes Mountain Ranges, Islands
Earth’s Surface is being built up and torn down
Weathering- break apart rocks
Erosion- move parts of rock away
Deposition- sediment settles to the bottom
Rock formation
Evidence of change over Geologic time
Fossils- Deeper is Older Glaciers- U shaped valleys, scrapes in bedrock
Gravity
Depends on Distance Between Objects
Depends on Mass of Objects
More Mass equals More Gravity
Pulling Force, to the center of the earth
Keeps planets in motion around the Sun counterclockwise (with inertia)
Eclipses
Positions of Earth, Moon, Sun
Lunar - SEM - seen by all
Solar - SME - seen only where shadow falls on Earth
Half of the Moon is ALWAYS lit by the sun**. We see a portion of that half depending on the moon’s position in it’s orbit around Earth.
Earth View- Light starts on the Right
Light grows- Waxing
After the Full Moon, light is on the left
Light decreases- Waning
Crescent, Gibbous shapes
**exception will be during a lunar eclipse
2 High tides and 2 Low tides daily- about every 6 hours because the earth is rotating through two bulges of water. Predictable!
Spring Tide = Straight line between sun and moon = higher than normal
Neap Tide = Ninety degree angle between sun and moon = not as high as normal
Compare/Contrast Earth to other objects
Inner planets that are closer to the sun have a shorter year (orbit)
Outer planets that are farther from the sun have a longer year (orbit)
My Mercury
Very Venus
Educated Earth
Mother Mars
Just Jupiter
Served Saturn
Us Uranus
Nachos Neptune
**Not to Scale
Seasons
Tilt of earth on its axis causes uneven heating on Earth. As we revolve around the sun, the tilt stays the same, causing different hemispheres to get more or less direct light.
Galaxies - Think BILLIONS
Billions of galaxies (each dot of light)
Each galaxy contains billions of stars
Life Science
Organisms
Made of many cells
Multicellular
or
One Cell
Unicellular
Cell organelles
Cell membrane - like a door
Nucleus- in control of functions
Cytoplasm - gel everything floats in
Mitochondria- releases energy, “powerhouse”of the cell
Vacuoles- storage
Cell wall* Only plants- structure and protection
Chloroplasts* Only Plants- for photosynthesis
Body Systems
Digestion
Respiration
Reproduction
Circulation
Excretory
Immune
Skeletal
Muscular
They all work together and interact.
The muscular system helps move the skeletal system.
The circulatory system helps bring nutrients from the digestive system, and oxygen from the respiratory system, to the rest of the body.
Traits
Information that makes you you is stored in chromosomes and genes.
Chromosomes are coiled up strands of DNA.
DNA is made up of genes.
Heredity is passing of traits to the next generation.
Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics
Genes
Found on chromosomes (DNA)
Each human BODY cell has a full set of 46 chromosomes
Sex cells (sperm or egg) have only 23
About 30,000 different genes on each chromosome
Variation Leads to Natural Selection
Genetic variation and environmental pressures cause evolution and diversity
Biological Evolution
*Leads to diversity
*Gradual process of change in a species over many
generations.
Evolution
Evidence from geology, fossils, anatomy and DNA
Decomposers
Break down dead plants and animals and put nutrients back into the ecosystem
Producers
Plants use energy from sunlight to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis - energy (sugar) used, stored or goes to other organisms
Ecosystems
Change over time in response to physical conditions, interactions among organisms and human action.
Symbiosis
Physical Science
Density
Conservation of Mass
In a closed system, the number of atoms before a chemical reaction will always be equal to the number of atoms after the reaction.
No gas atoms can escape in a closed system
Atom vs Molecule
Atom
*Smallest building block of matter
*Smallest amount of an element that still has the same properties
Molecule
*2 or more ATOMS bonded together
*Smallest amount of a compound that still has the same properties
Element vs Compound
Element
Compound
Molecule
Mixture
Solid - Liquid - Gas
Adding heat or removing heat will change states
**These images are from the MCAS review sheet
Mixture vs Pure Substance
Pure substances are elements and compounds, they have chemical formulas
Mixtures are substances next to each other and not chemically combined
Mixtures can be separated and do not have a chemical formula
Chemical Reactions
Result in a new substance
Can release light, heat, bubbles,
New solid, smell, sound
Can’t be undone very easily
Reaction Temperatures
Exothermic-
Temperature goes up
Endothermic-
Temperature goes
down
Melting and Boiling points
It does not matter how much of a substance you have, the melting and boiling points are the same
Adding or removing heat energy will cause a substance to change phases
Speed (Think miles/hour)
Potential Energy vs Kinetic Energy
Energy is transformed back and forth between Potential and Kinetic
*Potential depends on position, waiting
*Kinetic is IN MOTION
KE
KE and PE
KE- Can include motion, sound, thermal (heat), light
PE- Can include gravity (stored due to position), elastic (stored in a spring) and chemical (stored in fuel)
Electrical and Magnetic Fields
Can attract or repel
Depend on the distance between objects
Does not require contact between objects
Heat
Form of energy
Temperature change results from adding or taking away heat
Moves predictably
HOT COLD
Waves
Can encode and transmit information
Crest -Top part of wave
Trough- Bottom part of wave
Amplitiude- Height of wave
Wavelength- Distance between crests
Frequency- how close or far apart crests are
Light and Sound Waves
Can be reflected, absorbed,
Or transmitted through materials
That are solid, liquid, or gas
Refraction is when light
bends when going through
something other than air
Tech and Engineering
Materials
You need appropriate materials for the task based on properties:
Weight, strength, flexibility, hardness
What are the steps, starting here?
Prototype
Appropriate (maybe cheaper) materials, tools and machines to make and test a prototype
Communication system
Source- sound or image
Encoder- put sound into a code
Transmitter- send code out
Receiver- get code in
Decoder- put back to original form
Storage- how the code travels
Retrieval
Destination
Interchangeable parts
Interchangeable parts are identical and can be easily replaced on many products (tires, windshield wipers, shoe laces), easy to fix and replace
Mass production- producing many items- fast and cheap, but cannot personalize
Automation- machines and robots assembling products, or products on an assembly line
Transportation Subsystems
Structural - the body of the vehicle
Propulsion - the engine, propeller, or muscles that move the vehicle
Guidance - to stay on course - headlights, maps, GPS
Suspension - supports the weight, where the vehicle meets the road, tires, shocks
Control - speed and direction (steering, brakes, accelerator)
Support - gas station, repair shop, roads, traffic laws
Structures
Foundation
Flooring
Decking- goes under the flooring
Wall
Roof
Bridge Types
Beam bridges are used for a span of less than 250 feet. They are made of a deck supported by piers.
Suspension bridges and Cable Stay Bridges have a bridge deck held up by cables.
Arch bridges offer natural strength and are some of the oldest functioning bridges in the world.
Bridges and Forces
Tension- pulling apart
Compression- pressing together
Torsion- twisting
Bending- tension and compression
Shear- sliding past each other
**Too much force in a direction can cause
failure
Bridge Forces
Arch bridges only have compression