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CIVIL RIGHTS

SS8H11 Evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement.

a. Explain Georgia’s response to Brown v. Board of Education including the 1956 flag and the Sibley Commission.

b. Describe the role of individuals (Martin Luther King, Jr. and John Lewis), groups (SNCC and SCLC) and events (Albany Movement and March on Washington) in the Civil Rights Movement.

c. Explain the resistance to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, emphasizing the role of Lester Maddox.

SS8H12 Explain the importance of developments in Georgia since the late 20th century

A. Explain how the continued development of Atlanta under mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young impacted the state.

b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president.

c. Evaluate the short-term and long-term impacts of hosting the 1996 Olympics on Georgia’s economic and population growth.

d. Analyze Georgia’s role in the national and global economy of the 21st Century, with regard to tourism, Savannah port expansion, and the film

industry.

https://www.facebook.com/SportsCenter/videos/2026261134087299/

https://www.facebook.com/SportsCenter/videos/2026235420756537/

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Leisure Time

Drive-in movie theaters were popular

Popular movies included: the James Bond series, E.T, Jaws, The Godfather, American Graffiti, Saturday Night Fever, and Star Wars

Popular TV shows: Gunsmoke, I Love Lucy, All in the Family, Saturday Night Live, and Sesame Street
American Bandstand featured the newest music and latest dances

Disneyland opened and became an instant success

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqSY3C_2woA&list=PLP14CuXhP41yf8GdraZTP72p3tKVryM_i&edufilter=ITEV1GgfY7rUuGxSyy0SA

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR-xUWQWTEI

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gj0Rz-uP4Mk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eh8eb_ACLl8

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Tv Shows

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqQ-LGL4124 Gilligans Island1980s and 1990s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR-xUWQWTEI I love Lucy 1950s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAd4HV-pmYk Mr. Ed 1950s and 1960s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdTaYmuVj54 Sanford and Son 1970s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MawR-tA61dM Little House on the Prairie 1970s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL7beNWNLEQ The FLintstones- 1960s

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Movies of the 1960s

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McDonald's

Fast food restaurant company
The McDonald's Corporation is the world's largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries across 35,000 outlets. Wikipedia
FounderFounder: Ray Kroc
FoundedFounded: 1948, San Bernardino, CA

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SUPER BOWL

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QloyzlZOj88
Began in the 60’s!!!

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Population

1950: 3,444,578

1970: 4,589,575

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_Census

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Life Expectancy

1950: Women: 71.1 Men: 65.6

1970: Women: 74.8 Men: 67.1

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Cost of Living

1949:Average of a new home: $7,450,

1978- $54,749

1949: New car $1,420, 1978- $5,405

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Fashions �&� Fads

Hula hoops, G.I Joes, mood rings, pet rocks, 3-D Movies, Poodle skirts, pony tails, flat tops and crew cuts for boys

1960’s button-down shirts, go-go boots, mini-skirts, turtlenecks, long hair for men, bell bottomed pants, hip huggers, plat formed shoes

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Literature

Ernest Hemingway’s- Old Man and the Sea

Harper Lee’s – To Kill a Mockingbird

Ralph Ellison’s – Invisible Man

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Wages/Salaries

1950: average salary $2,992 and the average wage was $0.43 an hour

1970: average salary was $7,562 and the wages jumped to $2.90 an hour.

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Music

1940’s: Big band style gave way to soloist, then
to be-bop and rhythm and blues

1950’s: rock-n-roll and a blending of southern blues and gospel music.

Beatles and the Beach Boys hit the airways

Woodstock drew over 400,00 young people

1970’s saw a rise of hard rock, soft rock, country rock, folk rock, punk rock, and disco

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVKAVJO-1wY&index=2&list=RD5euUSPHk--8

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SOryJvTAGs

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Science/Inventions

Vaccine for polio
National Hurricane Center established
Copy Machine, transistor radio, color TV
American put a man on the moon in 1969
1977, the Apple II computer was introduced
1955—TV REMOTE CONTROL
1955—MICROWAVE OVEN
1973 Cellphone
1984—DNA FINGERPRINTING

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Transportation

Pan American Airways began transatlantic jet service in 1958

American automobile manufacturer began making smaller cars in the 1960’s to combat foreign import sales

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A COUNTRY TORN

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Civil

Rights

1940s & 1950s:

SS8H11a

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Civil Rights

Throughout the US’ history, many African Americans were treated like second-class citizens, especially in the South.

They were forced to live in segregated housing, attend segregated movies, and use segregated facilities such as restrooms, water fountains, and waiting rooms.

During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans fought against racial discrimination and segregation.

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The Supreme Court and Education

1948: racial integration ordered in armed forces

1954: Brown v. Board of
Education –

case struck down “separate but equal” concept
schools were to be integrated
More private schools opened Georgians would rather close schools than integrate

Sibley Commission:
1961: Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes first African American students at UGA
1971: All Georgia public schools integrated

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Education

1950’s and 60’s: integration of public schools and colleges

1970’s: anti-war protests and sit-ins spread across most college campuses

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Montgomery Bus

Boycott

Dec. 1, 1955: Rosa Parks, refused to give up her bus seat to whites in Montgomery, AL
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the NAACP organized civic leaders and prepared marches
Supreme court ruled segregation on public transportation unconstitutional

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Martin Luther King, Jr. of Atlanta

Developed a nonviolent approach to social change

Four-prong approach:

direct, nonviolent actions
legal remedies
ballots
economic boycotts

SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference – civil rights group led by Dr. King

Sit-in: Dr. King’s strategy to people refuse to

leave a public building until their demands are met

A Nonviolent Movement is Born

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I HAVE A DREAM

The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered this speech on August 28, 1963, on the steps of the Washington, D.C., Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I47Y6VHc3Ms

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“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.”

Martin Luther King, Jr.

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The Albany Movement

1961: Albany, GA becomes center of civil rights activity
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee – challenged segregated bus system in Albany
Nearly 500 people jailed
Biracial committee formed to study concerns of African Americans

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Albany Movement

Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Albany to lend his support and bring national attention to the cause; however, he was also arrested.

Desegregation efforts failed in Albany, and King said it was because the groups tried to do too many things, instead of focusing on one aspect of segregation.

It was considered more of a learning experience than a success, but the city did eventually desegregate.

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John Lewis

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7CjB3b1TSM

HUGE Civil Rights Activist with Martin LUther King Jr. He was also Georgia's United States Representative!

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c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia.

For the most part, Georgia had been a one-party for over 100 years… Democrat
During the 1980s and 1990s, that started to change. While Democrats continued to be elected to statewide offices, Republicans started to be elected in national elections

In 1980, Mack Mattinly was the first Republican elected to the U.S. Senate from Georgia since Reconstruction.

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The Civil Rights Act

President Kennedy created new civil rights laws
Kennedy was assassinated before the new laws came into effect
Lyndon Johnson became president and pushed for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
All public facilities had to be integrated
Discrimination was prohibited in business and labor unions

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Atlanta mayor
Expanded Atlanta’s airport
Worked with African American and white leaders to integrate Atlanta’s schools
ATLANTA became known as “the city too busy to hate”

X. William B. Hartsfield

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Lester Maddox

Lester Maddox became a public figure when he chose to close his Atlanta restaurant rather than comply with the Civil Rights Act and serve African Americans.

In 1966, he was elected as Georgia’s governor, despite being a strict segregationist.

Maddox surprised many people by hiring more African Americans into office than any governor before him.

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Lester

Maddox

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Lester Maddox

Maddox also integrated the Georgia State Patrol and GBI.

As governor, he supported prison reform and increased spending for Georgia’s universities.

Maddox also started “People’s Day”, a monthly event where average citizens could come talk to him in the Governor’s office.

He kept representatives nearby to help the people solve their problems.

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Atlanta mayor- 1962 -1970
ordered removal of “white” and “colored” segregation signs in the City Hall
Integrated police and fire services and city government
Brought Major League Sports to GA!

Mayor

Ivan Allen

Ivan Allen:

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Maynard Jackson

In 1973, Maynard Jackson made history when he was elected as Atlanta’s first African American mayor.

As mayor, Jackson made sure that minority businesses received a fair share of city contracts, often upsetting established white business owners.

Under his leadership, MARTA (Atlanta’s mass transit system) began running and Hartsfield Airport added a new international terminal that helped the economy.

The city of Atlanta added his name to the airport in 2003: Hartsfield-Jackson Airport.

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Maynard

Jackson

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Andrew Young

Andrew Young became well known as a civil rights activist and aide to Martin Luther King, Jr.

In 1972, he won a seat in Congress and was Georgia’s first African American representative to the House since Reconstruction.

In 1977, President Carter appointed Young to be America’s ambassador to the United Nations.

In 1981, he succeeded Jackson as Atlanta’s mayor.

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Georgia in the 1970s

James Earl Carter: 1970 – elected governor of Georgia; 1977-1980 served as President of the United States

As president, negotiated peace between Israel and Egypt
Problems as president: high energy costs, high interest rates, high inflation, 52 American hostages held in Iran

HE IS THE ONLY PRESIDENT FROM GEORGIA

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Georgia Hosts the Olympics�1996

Summer 1996: Atlanta hosted XXVI Olympiad
10,000 athletes from 197 countries
90,000 volunteers in Atlanta and other Georgia cities and locations
Brought international attention to the city and state
July 29, 1996: Bomb in Olympic Park killed one visitor and injured 117
Traffic problems brought much criticism
Too many street vendors and commercialism were other concerns
“Southern hospitality” and athletic competition were noteworthy

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1996 Olympics

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XV. The State Flag Issue

1956: Georgia flag changed to incorporate the St. Andrew’s cross, a Confederate battle emblem
Some African Americans were offended as were some modern leaders – concerned the flag focused on slavery and the past
Governor Barnes led effort to have flag changed
New flag approved in 2001 but was unpopular
The flag controversy was one factor in Barnes losing his re-election bid for governor
2003: Governor Sonny Purdue signed bill creating new Georgia flag

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1956 to 2001 Flag

Present Flag

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What do you remember about… �…the Modern Civil Rights Movement??? �

____1. Unsuccessful civil rights effort in Georgia.

___ 2. President of Morehouse College

___ 3. Most important Civil Rights leader; “I have a dream…”

___ 4. Created a group to ask Georgians their opinion on integration of schools.

___ 5. Declared that school segregation is unconstitutional

___ 6. Georgia’s protest-response to the Civil Rights movement

___ 7. Closed his restaurant rather than serve blacks

___ 8. One of the first two African-American students at UGA

___ 9. The first black mayor of Atlanta

A. Maynard Jackson

B. 1956 State Flag

C. Lester Maddox

D. Martin Luther King

E. Hamilton Holmes

F. Brown vs. BOE

G. Albany Movement

H. Sibley Commission

I. Benjamin Mays

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Albany Movement - an organized civil rights protest led by the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, whose primary objective was to desegregate the city of Albany, Georgia, and the surrounding community.

• Civil Rights Act (1964) - federal legislation that forbade discrimination on the basis of race and sex in hiring, firing, and promotion.

• King, Jr., Martin Luther (1929-1968) - important civil rights leader and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.

• Lewis, John (b. 1940) - leader in the Civil Rights movement; leader of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee; U.S. Representative (1986-present).

• March on Washington (1963) - the famous jobs and civil rights march led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the famous “I Have a Dream” speech was given at the march.

• Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee - civil rights organization by college students that urged non-violent protests to gain integration; the group became more militant in the late 1960’s.

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White Primary

The white primary system helped white supremacists control Georgia’s politics because it only allowed whites to vote in statewide primary elections.

The white primary system completely cut African Americans out of the political process.

In 1944, the Supreme Court struck down a similar white primary system in Texas, ultimately leading to the end of Georgia’s white primary in 1946.

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Reapportionment

The County Unit System deemed unconstitutional in 1963
One Person, One Vote Concept
Reapportionment- redrawing voting districts to ensure districts were of equal population size
Shift of power from rural to urban

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a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment.

In the 1960s, two rulings by the federal district court brought dramatic change to Georgia’s political structure.
In April of 1962, the Georgia court ruled that the county unit system violated the 14^th Amendment.
This change led to a majority of representatives in Georgia coming from Urban areas… political power shifted from rural to urban areas.
It also gave the black population areas an equal opportunity to elect representatives.

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