�CHALLENGE:Nimbus to now�TEAM PRO-TEENS

Manahil Fawad�Nabiha Muhammmad�Batool Farooq �Qurat Ul Ain Fatima�Saman Ali �Rumessa Afzal

NIMBUS -SERIES

• The Nimbus satellites were second-generation U.S. robotic spacecraft launched between 1964 and 1978 used for meteorological research and development. The spacecraft were designed to serve as stabilized, Earth-oriented platforms for the testing of advanced systems to sense and collect atmospheric science data. Seven Nimbus spacecraft have been launched into near-polar, sun-synchronous orbits beginning with Nimbus 1 on August 28, 1964. On board the Nimbus satellites are various instrumentation for imaging, sounding, and other studies in different spectral regions. The Nimbus satellites were launched aboard Thor-Agena rockets (Nimbus 1–4) and Delta rockets (Nimbus 5–7). The seven Nimbus satellites, launched over a fourteen-year period, shared their space-based observations of the planet for thirty years. The Nimbus missions are the heritage of most of the Earth-observing satellites NASA and NOAA have launched over the past three decades.^[1]

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LANDSAT SERIES 1-9

• The Landsat program is the longest-running enterprise for acquisition of satellite imagery of Earth. It is a joint NASA / USGS program. On 23 July 1972, the Earth Resources Technology Satellite was launched. This was eventually renamed to Landsat 1 in 1975.^[1] The most recent, Landsat 9, was launched on 27 September 2021.
• The instruments on the Landsat satellites have acquired millions of images. The images, archived in the United States and at Landsat receiving stations around the world, are a unique resource for global change research and applications in agriculture, cartography, geology, forestry, regional planning, surveillance and education, 
• The objectives of the Landsat Series is to:
• Image repetitively Earth's land and coastal areas with the aim of monitoring changes to those areas over time
• Provide moderate-resolution optical remote sensing for land, coastal areas and shallow waters
• Provide Earth observation data to support work in agriculture, geology, forestry, education, mapping, emergency response and disaster relief, as well as providing a long-term record of natural and human-induced changes to the Earth. 

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EVOLUTION

•  Landsat 1 carried two vital instruments: a camera built by the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) known as the Return Beam Vidicon (RBV); and the Multi spectral Scanner . LANDSAT 2  Payload consisting of a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and a Multi spectral Scanner (MSS). The specifications of these instruments were identical to Landsat 1. LANDSAT 3 Nearly identical copy of Landsat 1 and Landsat 2. Payload consisting of a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) as well as a Multi spectral Scanner (MSS). Included with the MSS was a short-lived thermal band. MSS data was considered more scientifically applicable than the RBV which was rarely used for engineering evaluation purposes.LANDSAT 4 carried an updated Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) used on previous Landsat missions, as well as a Thematic Mapper.LANDSAT 5 Longest Earth-observing satellite mission in history. Designed and built at the same time as Landsat 4, this satellite carried the same payload consisting of a Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) as well as a Thematic Mapper.LANDSAT 7 The main component on Landsat 7 was the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Still consisting of the 15m-resolution panchromatic band, but also includes a full aperture calibration. This allows for 5% absolute radiometric calibration. LANDSAT 8 has two sensors with its payload, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS). has two sensors with its payload, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS). Landsat 9 is a rebuild of its predecessor Landsat 8.

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THE LIGHTNING IMAGING SENSOR (LIS) IS LOCATED ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. IT OBSERVES THE AMOUNT, RATE, AND ENERGY OF LIGHTNING AROUND THE WORLD. THE LIS HELPS US LEARN ABOUT WEATHER FORECASTING AND CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH LIGHTNING AND ITS CONNECTION TO WEATHER. THE LIS ALSO HELPS US UNDERSTAND THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF OUR ATMOSPHERE, AND SUPPORTS AIRCRAFT AND SPACECRAFT SAFETY�A SPACE-BASED LIGHTNING SENSOR PROVIDES IMPORTANT BENEFITS FROM ITS ABILITY TO DETECT AND LOCATE TOTAL (BOTH CLOUD AND GROUND) LIGHTNING OVER A LARGE AREA OF THE EARTH. A LIGHTNING SENSOR IN LOW EARTH ORBIT MEASURES LIGHTNING ACTIVELY GLOBALLY, ALLOWING SEASONAL AND INTER-ANNUALLY DISTRIBUTIONS TO BE EXAMINED. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF LIGHTNING AND ITS CONNECTIONS TO WEATHER AND RELATED PHENOMENA CAN PROVIDE UNIQUE AND AFFORDABLE GAP-FILLING INFORMATION ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF SCIENCE DISCIPLINES INCLUDING WEATHER, CLIMATE, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND LIGHTNING PHYSICS.�THE STP-H5 LIS MISSION CONTRIBUTES TO THE NASA GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MISSION (GPM) BY HELPING IMPROVE QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION ESTIMATES OVER LAND.�ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SCIENCE OBJECTIVES OF THIS MISSION WILL BE TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PROCESSES THAT CAUSE LIGHTNING, AS WELL AS THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN LIGHTNING AND SUBSEQUENT SEVERE WEATHER EVENTS.

LIS(Lightning Imaging Sensor )