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ESSAY WRITING

C. COMPARATIVE REFERENCE

Same Identical - Identically

Equal- Equally Similar - Similarly

So Such

Likewise Otherwise

Other Another

Different Differently

Additional Additionally

REFERENTIAL AIDS

A. PERSONAL REFERENCE

B. DEMONSTRATIVE REFERENCE

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE I

APPOSITIVE

“i.e.”, “e.g.”

One such example is

In other words

Let me exemplify this concept

That is

For instance

One instance would be

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE II

CORRECTIVE

“rather”

Or rather

At least

To be precise

Precisely

Namely

Specifically

Particularly

Especially

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE III

DISMISSIVE

“In any case”

In any case,

Anyhow

Regardless of ...

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE IV

SUMMATIVE

“In short”

In brief

Briefly

To sum up

I would like to conclude by saying..

In conclusion

In a nutshell

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE V

VERIFACTIVE

“Actually”

Actually

As a matter of fact

In fact

The truth is

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE I

ADDITIVE

“and”

Moreover

Also

In addition to

Besides

Additionally

Furthermore

What is more

On top of that

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE II

ADVERSATIVE

“but”

On the one/other hand

The former...the latter

Conversely

In contrast to-with

By contrast

As opposed to

In opposition to

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE III

VARIATIVE

“instead”

Alternatively

Instead of

As a variation of

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE I

TEMPORAL

“then”

Meanwhile

Before reaching that stage

Prior to

After that stage

In the meantime

Subsequently

Next

Finally

Eventually

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE II

COMPARATIVE

“likewise”

Similarly

Likewise

In the same way

By the same token

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE III

CAUSAL-CONSECUTIVE

“so”

As a result

Therefore

Consequently

Hence

With this in mind

Bearing this in mind

On account of..

For this reason

Thus

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE IV

CONDITIONAL

“if ...then”

In that case

Provided that

Providing that

Supposing that

On condition that

Under the circumstances

Unless

Otherwise

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE V

CONCESSIVE

“yet”

Nevertheless

Nonetheless

Although

Despite the fact that

In spite of

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DISCOURSE MARKERS AND CONJUNCTIONS

TYPE VI

RESPECTIVE

“as to that”

In this respect

As far as that concerned

As for

As to

Concerning

Connected with

Regarding

As regards