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CSE 163

Data Visualization�

Suh Young Choi�

🎶 Listening to: Hollow Knight soundtrack

💬 Before Class: On a scale of 1-7, what is your favorite color of the alphabet?

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This Time

  • Default Parameters
  • Plotting Code
    • seaborn
    • matplotlib
  • Principles of Data Visualization

Last Time

  • More pandas DataFrames
    • apply
    • groupby

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Announcements

  • Resubmissions for this week are open now!
    • Only THA 0 is resubmittable for now
    • Closes on Tuesday (July 15)

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  • Project Group Interest Form is also open
    • Closes on Monday (July 14)

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  • Releasing today: Checkpoint 1, LR 2, THA 2

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Default Parameters

  • Python lets you define default values for parameters in case a client does not pass a specific value for that argument

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def greetings(to: str = 'world'):

return 'Hello ' + to + '!'

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greetings('Sarah') # 'Hello Sarah!'

greetings(to='Antonio') # 'Hello Antonio!'

greetings() # 'Hello world!'

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  • This what allows libraries like seaborn or pandas to provide defaults!

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Data Viz in Python

  • Many libraries exist to do graphics and plotting visualizations

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  • The most popular two are
    • matplotlib: extremely customizable (to a fault)
    • seaborn: great out-of-the-box visualizations

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  • We will encourage using seaborn since it’s quickly becoming the standard for data scientists for most of their work
    • We still will rely on matplotlib for some things
    • You are welcome to use it more in depth on your project to make highly customized charts

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Encoding Effectiveness

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[Mackinlay 86]

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Example

Effectiveness

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Example

Effectiveness

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Always remember…

  • Just because seaborn or matplotlib allow you to do something with your visualizations doesn’t mean it’s the most effective!

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Before Next Time

  • Complete Lesson 9
    • Remember not for points, but do go towards Checkpoint Tokens
  • Turn in Section Assignment 3
  • Checkpoint 1, THA/LR2 released after class today

Next Time

  • Introduction to Machine Learning

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CSE 163

Data Visualization

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Hunter Schafer

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What to Learn

  • This week, we are learning more about pandas and learning 2 new libraries
  • Memorizing the function calls and parameters is ridiculous
    • No one memorizes this stuff!
    • This is what documentation is for!
  • Much more important to understand the big ideas behind what the library call is doing
    • You might use a different library in the future
    • They change from version to version
  • Don’t try to write every bit of syntax down, focus on the big ideas behind what we are trying to solve and use the slides and lecture notes as a resource.
  • On the exam, we will provide shortened documentation so you don’t have to memorize the method calls

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Some Data

  • Can you tell me the relationship between x and y?

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x

y

10.0

7.46

8.0

6.77

13.0

12.74

9.0

7.11

11.0

7.81

14.0

8.84

6.0

6.08

4.0

5.39

12.0

8.15

7.0

6.42

5.0

5.73

I

II

III

IV

x

y

x

y

x

y

x

y

10.0

8.04

10.0

9.14

10.0

7.46

8.0

6.58

8.0

6.95

8.0

8.14

8.0

6.77

8.0

5.76

13.0

7.58

13.0

8.74

13.0

12.74

8.0

7.71

9.0

8.81

9.0

8.77

9.0

7.11

8.0

8.84

11.0

8.33

11.0

9.26

11.0

7.81

8.0

8.47

14.0

9.96

14.0

8.10

14.0

8.84

8.0

7.04

6.0

7.24

6.0

6.13

6.0

6.08

8.0

5.25

4.0

4.26

4.0

3.10

4.0

5.39

19.0

12.50

12.0

10.84

12.0

9.13

12.0

8.15

8.0

5.56

7.0

4.82

7.0

7.26

7.0

6.42

8.0

7.91

5.0

5.68

5.0

4.74

5.0

5.73

8.0

6.89

    • μX = 9.0 σX = 3.317 μy = 7.5 σy = 2.03
    • y = 3 + 0.5x R2 = 0.67

[Anscombe 73]

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Some Data Visualizations

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The Value of Visualization

  • Answer questions (or discover them)
  • Make decisions
  • See data in context
  • Find patterns
  • Present argument or tell a story
  • Inspire
  • Answer questions (or discover them)
  • Make decisions
  • See data in context
  • Find patterns
  • Present argument or tell a story
  • Inspire

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Make a Decision:

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Challenger

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Make a Decision:

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Challenger

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Visualizations drawn by Tufte show how low temperatures damage O-rings [Tufte 97]

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Data in Context:

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Cholera Outbreak

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In 1854 John Snow plotted the position of each cholera case on a map. [from Tufte 83]

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Data in Context:

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Cholera Outbreak

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Used map to hypothesize that pump on Broad St. was the cause. [from Tufte 83]

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Data Viz in Python

  • Many libraries exist to do graphics and plotting visualizations
  • The most popular two are
    • matplotlib: extremely customizable (to a fault)
    • seaborn: great out-of-the-box visualizations
  • We will encourage using seaborn since it’s quickly becoming the standard for data scientists for most of their work
    • We still will rely on matplotlib for some things
    • You are welcome to use it more in depth on your project to make highly customized charts

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Reading Documentation

  • Seaborn has excellent docs, great practice for reading!

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  • How to read documentation
    1. Skim examples, don’t focus too much on code
    2. Read overview
    3. Look at examples and the code. Look at documentation for relevant parameters
    4. (Sometimes) Skim parameter list

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Visual Design Principles

  • Use effective encodings
  • Avoid over-encoding
  • Focus on readability, not aesthetics
  • Avoid perceptual traps that can trick people in forming wrong conclusions

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Rarely does a single visualization answer all questions. Instead, the ability to generate appropriate visualizations quickly is critical!

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Types of Data

  • Quantitative (numeric measurement)
    • Examples
      • Salary
      • age
  • Ordinal (categorical, but there is an ordering)
    • Examples
      • First place, second place, third place
      • High School, Associates, Bachelors, …
  • Nominal (categorical, no ordering)
    • Examples
      • Type of Pokemon
      • School you attend

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Encoding Effectiveness

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[Mackinlay 86]

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Example

Effectiveness

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Encoding Effectiveness

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[Mackinlay 86]

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Example

Effectiveness

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Encoding Effectiveness

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[Mackinley 86]

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Readability

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Readability

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  • Did the number of gun deaths go up or down after the law was enacted?
    • Went up
    • Went down
    • About the same
    • Don’t remember

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Yes, this was a real graphic posted in an article by Business Insider (graphic made by Reuters)

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How to Lie with Data Viz

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How to Lie with Data Viz

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