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Green spaces and urban biodiversity �in Eastern Africa

These slides were generously donated to the SOPHEA project by

Dr Shem Mwasi, Prof. Wilkister N. Moturi

and Dr Judith Khazenzi

October 2023

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�� https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/�

You may use these slides under the following Creative Commons license:

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Introduction

Green spaces are an important environmental resource in the urban setting.
Statistics reveal that urban green spaces are rapidly dwindling across Africa, with green spaces already making up a small percentage of the topography of some cities.

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“Green”

Green is usually linked with vegetative matter where green plants dominate
Green plants –herbs (incl. forbes), shrubs and trees in an area
Green plants: Usually terrestrial/growing on land or in wetlands (transitional habitats)/water
Green space is land that is cover completely/partially by green plants.

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Hotspots for biodiversity

This article is a qualitative as well as a quantitative advance on a vascular plants in 18 hotspots has been increased to 25. More importantly, the expanded criteria require that a hotspot contains

endemic plant species comprising at least 0.5% of all plant species

world-wide.

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Urban Environment

Urban environment: Core area comprising of the CBD and surrounding areas (peri-urban or suburbs)
Urban environment experiences a magnitude of anthropogenic disturbances e.g. socio-economic development, heat islands, suppressed plant succession, pollution, modified environments
Urban environment is therefore harsh to biodiversity

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Urban Biodiversity

Urban biodiversity are key components of urban ecosystems which offer similar ecosystem services to humans like natural ecosystems, infact these are in close proximity to urban residents, therefore the better!
Urban biodiversity consists

(i) of remnant indigenous species of flora and fauna (those able to ecological� adapt to the new harsh environment)

(ii) alien and invasive species of flora and fauna (occupying ecological niches� left by species that could not ecologically adapt )

Urban biodiversity serves as integral components of urban ecosystems, providing ecosystem services similar to those found in natural environments. The proximity of urban biodiversity to residents is advantageous, offering direct benefits. This biodiversity encompasses two main categories:

(i) Remnant indigenous species of flora and fauna: These are species that have demonstrated ecological adaptability to the challenging urban environment. They persist in the face of urbanization, maintaining ecological balance within the context of the altered landscape.

(ii) Alien and invasive species of flora and fauna: These species fill ecological niches left by others that couldn't adapt to the urban environment. While they may thrive in the urban setting, their presence can also pose challenges, potentially impacting the balance of the ecosystem and leading to biodiversity imbalances.

Understanding and managing this diverse array of species in urban areas is crucial for sustaining the ecosystem services they provide and ensuring the coexistence of nature and human settlements.

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Green Spaces and Urban Biodiversity

Green spaces provide critical habitats for urban biodiversity; some provide habitats for pioneer plant species; refuge for indigenous species.
Green spaces therefore provide a foundation for urban ecosystems’ establishment

Green spaces play a crucial role in supporting urban biodiversity by providing critical habitats for various plant and animal species. These areas serve as foundational elements for the establishment and sustenance of urban ecosystems in several ways:

1. Critical Habitats for Urban Biodiversity: Green spaces offer diverse habitats that support a wide array of plant and animal species. The presence of different vegetation types, water features, and microclimates within these areas creates niches for various organisms, contributing to the overall biodiversity of urban environments.

2. Habitats for Pioneer Plant Species: Some green spaces serve as habitats for pioneer plant species—plants that are among the first to colonize disturbed or newly created environments. These species play a crucial role in initiating ecological succession, contributing to the regeneration and development of ecosystems in urban settings.

3. Refuge for Indigenous Species: Green spaces act as refuges for indigenous species that may face challenges in the face of urbanization. These areas provide a haven for plants and animals that are adapted to the local environment, helping to maintain the presence of native species in the urban landscape.

4. Foundation for Urban Ecosystems: By offering a diverse range of habitats and supporting various species, green spaces establish the foundation for urban ecosystems. These ecosystems contribute to ecological balance, support pollinators, and enhance overall environmental resilience within urban areas.

In summary, green spaces serve as vital components of urban ecosystems, offering habitats for a variety of species, including pioneers and indigenous ones. Their presence not only fosters biodiversity but also provides a foundation for the establishment and sustainability of diverse ecosystems in the midst of urban development.

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Ecosystems and Planetary Health

For humans to be healthy, ecosystems have to be able to provide ecosystem services i.e. provisioning, regulatory, supporting & cultural services.

Human health is intricately connected to the health of ecosystems, as these natural systems play a fundamental role in providing a range of essential services. These ecosystem services can be broadly categorized into four types:

1. Provisioning Services: Ecosystems supply humans with resources necessary for survival, such as food, clean water, and materials for shelter and clothing. Agriculture, fisheries, and forestry are examples of provisioning services that directly contribute to human well-being.

2. Regulatory Services: Ecosystems regulate various environmental processes critical for human health. This includes the purification of air and water, climate regulation, and disease control. Wetlands, forests, and other ecosystems act as natural filters and buffers, helping to maintain a stable and supportive environment.

3. Supporting Services: Ecosystems provide the foundation for life on Earth by supporting key processes. Soil formation, nutrient cycling, and pollination are examples of supporting services that sustain the basic components necessary for the existence of other life forms, including humans.

4. Cultural Services: Ecosystems also contribute to human well-being through cultural and recreational experiences. Aesthetic values, spiritual enrichment, and opportunities for recreation and tourism are cultural services that enhance the quality of life.

In essence, the health of ecosystems directly influences human health by supplying the resources and services essential for our survival, supporting the regulation of environmental conditions, and enriching our cultural and recreational experiences. Recognizing and preserving these ecosystem services are crucial for maintaining a sustainable and healthy relationship between humans and the natural world.

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�Green spaces in urban environment in Eastern Africa�

Eastern Africa boasts a variety of green spaces that contribute to the urban landscape and biodiversity. These include:

1. Playgrounds: Areas designated for recreational activities, providing space for children and families to engage in physical and social activities.

2. Urban (Grass) Lawns: Manicured grassy areas within urban spaces, often serving as open spaces for relaxation, picnics, and casual gatherings.

3. Urban Parks: Larger designated areas with a mix of vegetation, pathways, and recreational facilities, offering a more extensive and diverse green experience for residents.

4. Gardens: Both private and public gardens showcase a range of plants and landscaping designs, contributing to the aesthetic appeal of urban environments.

5. Cemeteries: Green spaces that, while serving as burial grounds, often feature well-maintained landscapes and provide a tranquil environment for visitors.

6. Urban Forests/Woodlots: Larger expanses with a higher density of trees, mimicking natural forest environments within urban areas.

7. Dumpsites (Abandoned or Active): While not traditionally considered positive green spaces, abandoned or reclaimed dumpsites can undergo restoration efforts, transforming into green areas with proper planning and management.

8. Urban Wetland Vegetation (Hydrophytes): Wetland areas with water-adapted vegetation, contributing to biodiversity and providing unique ecosystems within urban settings.

These examples highlight the diverse ways in which green spaces are integrated into Eastern African urban environments, promoting ecological balance, recreational opportunities, and aesthetic appeal for residents.

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Benefits of green spaces

Green spaces BENEFITS:

aids in child fitness
contribute to good health and physiology
Enhancement of mental health and resultant benefits
Mitigating allergies
Enhance recuperation from disease

Green spaces offer a multitude of benefits, including:

1. Aids in Child Fitness: Green spaces provide environments conducive to physical activity and play, promoting the overall fitness of children. Playgrounds and open spaces encourage active lifestyles, contributing to the well-being and development of young individuals.

2. Contribute to Good Health and Physiology: Exposure to green spaces has been linked to improved overall health and physiological well-being. Access to nature and greenery supports cardiovascular health, reduces stress, and enhances immune function.

3. Enhancement of Mental Health and Resultant Benefits: Green spaces have a positive impact on mental health, reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. The tranquility and aesthetic qualities of nature contribute to improved mood and cognitive function, enhancing overall mental well-being.

4. Mitigating Allergies: Well-maintained green spaces can help mitigate allergies by acting as natural filters for air pollutants and allergens. Trees and plants in these areas contribute to improved air quality, reducing the risk of respiratory issues.

5. Enhance Recuperation from Disease: Exposure to green spaces has been associated with quicker recovery and improved outcomes for individuals dealing with illness. The restorative qualities of nature can positively influence the healing process and contribute to a sense of well-being during recovery.

These benefits highlight the importance of incorporating green spaces into urban planning and development, as they play a crucial role in promoting physical and mental health, especially in densely populated areas where access to nature can be limited.

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Green spaces and Mental Health

Green spaces and Mental Health, a better and nature based solution to African current state of Mental health, Climate change crisis, Covid-19 related issues, family disputes, job loss, and more …

Green spaces offer a nature-based solution to address various challenges impacting mental health in Africa, including the climate change crisis, Covid-19-related issues, family disputes, job loss, and more.

1. Coping with Stressors: Green spaces provide a natural refuge that promotes stress reduction and emotional well-being. Amidst the challenges of climate change, the Covid-19 pandemic, and other stressors, spending time in green environments can offer a therapeutic escape, helping individuals manage and cope with anxiety and stress.

2. Enhancing Resilience: Nature has been shown to enhance psychological resilience. Access to green spaces can contribute to building resilience in individuals facing the mental health consequences of ongoing crises, such as the impacts of climate change or the social and economic challenges associated with the Covid-19 pandemic.

3. Community Building: Green spaces serve as communal areas where people can come together, fostering a sense of community. This is particularly valuable in addressing family disputes and job loss by providing a neutral ground for communication, support, and collective well-being.

4. Physical Health Benefits: The positive impact of green spaces on physical health indirectly supports mental health. Opportunities for physical activity in these spaces contribute to better overall health, which is essential in facing health challenges associated with both the ongoing pandemic and the broader context of healthcare in Africa.

5. Restoration and Healing: Green spaces offer a setting for restoration and healing. Amidst the complexities of life, the restorative qualities of nature can aid in the mental and emotional recovery of individuals dealing with various challenges.

By recognizing and promoting the therapeutic potential of green spaces, communities can work towards creating environments that support mental health and well-being, offering a holistic and nature-based approach to addressing the multifaceted challenges prevalent in Africa today.

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�Challenge for Green spaces in Eastern Africa�

Development of Green spaces in Eastern Africa faces various challenges including :

rapid urbanisation
increased poverty
a limited institutional resource base for green spaces
low or complete absence of prioritization to green spaces, corruption,
uncooperative attitudes of the local people
political instability

The development of green spaces in Eastern Africa encounters numerous challenges, including:

1. Rapid Urbanization: The swift expansion of urban areas often leads to increased demand for space, resulting in the conversion of green spaces into built environments to accommodate the growing population.

2. Increased Poverty: Economic challenges can divert attention and resources away from green space development, as communities may prioritize immediate needs over long-term environmental considerations.

3. Limited Institutional Resource Base: Insufficient financial and human resources within institutions responsible for green space management hinder effective planning, maintenance, and expansion of these areas.

4. Low or Complete Absence of Prioritization to Green Spaces: In some cases, green spaces may not be given adequate importance in urban planning and development agendas, leading to neglect and inadequate allocation of resources.

5. Corruption: Corrupt practices can undermine efforts to develop and maintain green spaces, diverting funds intended for these purposes and compromising the effectiveness of environmental initiatives.

6. Uncooperative Attitudes of the Local People: Resistance or indifference from local communities can impede green space initiatives, as residents may prioritize other immediate needs or perceive such projects as inconveniences.

7. Political Instability: Regions experiencing political unrest or instability may face challenges in implementing and sustaining green space projects due to disruptions in governance, planning, and resource allocation.

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach involving community engagement, policy reforms, anti-corruption measures, and sustainable urban planning practices. Overcoming these obstacles is crucial for fostering healthier, more resilient urban environments in Eastern Africa.

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�Way forward

Comprehensive meta-analyses using data that is available on the interconnectedness of these aspects. This will help to:

identify knowledge gaps
distinguish specific health effects that are most sensitive to changes on ecosystem services
reveal the relative importance of different drivers in sustaining ecosystem services derived from biodiversity
establish biodiversity's influence on multiple ecosystem services, given that a single service is often a composite of several ecosystem functions

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Action points

Green spaces should be recognized as one of the top objectives on the development agenda of urban planning authorities, with the linked organizations in charge of green spaces adequately trained and equipped to carry out their duties.
It is critical that national governments, local municipalities, and local residents work together to maintain these spaces.
Youth (students) and community engagement in innovative ways of creating green spaces such as creating mini-forests (tree planting)
Higher native plant diversity is required to improve fauna biodiversity conservation across urban green spaces

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Questions or comments ?

Thank you for your attention !