Archaebacteria �(Archaea)

By. Kees Benkendorfer and Brandon Dale

Basic Information

• Live in some of the most uninhabitable places on the planet, like undersea vents
• Also found in places�with other life
• Several distinct groups �such as extreme�halophiles
• Use buffers to regulate�pH

Once upon a time

Evolution

• Likely evolved as some of the earliest life forms
• Share common ancestors with prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Possibly co-evolved �with viruses

Structure of Archaebacteria

• Single-celled, though occasionally form colonies
• Lack membrane-bound organelles, including nuclei
• Have genes more closely related to eukaryotes than prokaryotes
• No peptidoglycan

Classification

• Not recognized as separate from prokaryotes until 1977
• Work of Woese and Fox led to gene similarity being used more to determine organism relatedness
• Debate on whether to recognize individual species

Extreme Halophiles

• Uses salt to generate their ATP
• Live in Super Salty Water
• Found in places like the �Dead Sea and The Great �Salt Lake
• Thrive in very salty �environments

there was a man

Methanogens

• Live in environments without oxygen (anaerobic)
• Produce methane gas from hydrogen through fermentation
• Can be found in swamps,�marshes and digestive tracts�of animals

who ate a plane

Thermoacidophiles

• Can be found in very hot, acidic water
• These include Yellowstone geysers, volcanic vents, and undersea vents

Can survive in water over boiling point, 100 degrees C

Respiration

• When oxygen is present, cellular respiration is sometimes used
• When oxygen is not present, anaerobic respiration is used (glycolysis)
• Also use chemiosmosis to produce ATP

Chemiosmosis

• Archaea that obtain ATP through non-organic methods use chemiosmosis
• Proton density �differences inside �and outside the cell are �utilized to power ATP �generation

Growth and Development

• Do not grow much; when they are born they are full size
• Three different shapes, Bacilli, Cocci and Spirilla

Left: Bacilli

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Right: Cocci

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Nutrition

• Get energy from salt, methane gas and other methods
• Also can dine on sulfur, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas

Reproduction

• Asexual
• Can reproduce by �binary fission
• Like all bacteria�it divides itself
• Do not make spores

Fun Facts

• Live in such uninhabitable environments that they rarely have to deal with predators
• Don’t have cell walls
• Not proven to be harmful
• On the outside look like other bacteria but on the inside are very different
• One average liter of seawater contains five to 45 million archaea

Bibliography

"Archaea." Encyclopedia of Life. Encyclopedia of Life, n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2014.

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. N.p.: Westerville City School DIstrict, n.d. PDF.

Archaebacteria. Digital image. Bacterial Kingdoms - Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. <https://smartsite.ucdavis.edu/access/content/user/00002950/bis10v/week7/13bacteriaeuarchae.html>.

"Archaebacteria." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

British Antarctic Survey. Digital image. 'Lost Antarctic World' Unknown to Science Discovered. The Daily Galaxy, 3 Jan. 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.

"Chemiosmosis." Biology Online. Biology-Online.org, 23 June 2009. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Choi, Jung. "05 Respiration, Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation." Biology 1510 Biological Principles. Georgia Tech University, 2 Nov. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.

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Bibliography

"Halophile." Princeton University, n.d. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Halophile Collections. Digital image. Microbial Life in Hypersaline Environments. Microbial Life Educational Resources, 03 Dec. 2013. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.

Hogan, Michael. "What Are Archaea?" Encyclopedia of Life. The Encyclopedia of Earth, 23 Aug. 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2014.

"Introduction to the Archaea." Introduction to the Archaea. UCMP Berkeley, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

"Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria." Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. BiologyJunction, n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.

"Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria." Kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Halifax Regional Schools, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/sdosman/Biology%2011/eubacteriaandarchaeanswers.htm>.

Koning, Ross E. "Kingdom Archaea." Kingdom Archaea. N.p., 1994. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.

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Bibliography

Niederberger, Thomas. "Archaea." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Pace, Norman. Finding Archae. Digital image. Introduction to the Archaea. UCMP Berkeley, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

Rozzychan. Chemiosmosis1. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia, 23 Oct. 2006. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.

Slonczewski, Joan L. Cytoplasmic PH Measurement and Homeostasis in Bacteria and Archaea. N.p.: Elsevier Ltd, 2009. PDF.

Stevenson, John R. "Archaeal Diversity Study Guide." 202 General Microbiology II. Miami University, 09 Feb. 2009. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Woese Archaea. Digital image. Major Changes in Evolution Theory. Hiram Caton, 2011. Web. 7 Apr. 2014.

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