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PLAN

1. Operating systems for sensor nodes,
2. Monolithic systems,
3. Micronucleus,
4. Exonucleus,
5. Real-time operating systems,
6. Smart card operating systems,
7. Pocket PC operating systems
8. Process model .
9. Processes cases .

Operating systems

• Advances in sensor technology based on Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MES) have enabled wireless communication, sensing, and computing. led to the development of miniaturized and inexpensive sensor nodes .

Wireless Sensor Networks ( WSN) consist of elements equipped with sensors (temperature, light, pressure, etc.) and receiving radio devices .

Operating systems

• Each other and the base station miniature wirelessly connected to​ Networks consisting of sensor nodes are used for various purposes. Such sensor networks are used to protect buildings, guard state borders, detect forest fires, determine weather forecasts , collect information about enemy movements in military areas , and others.

The nodes of such a network are miniature (small) computers powered by batteries and equipped with a radio communication system . They have limited power and have to operate outdoors for long periods of time in harsh climatic conditions .

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

The sensor nodes in the network must be sufficiently reliable . The OS can be triggered if a sensor fails or its battery runs out . must ensure that the network continues to function .

Operating systems

• The OS acts as a resource manager for complex systems. Considering the resource constraints of typical sensor nodes in WSNs, a new approach to OS design in WSNs is required.
• open source operating system specifically designed for use in WSNs . In addition, TinyOS is the first operating system for BSS. TinyOS itself is written in NesC, which is specifically designed for programming applications that are intended to run in the TinyOS environment .
• The TinyOS architecture includes two main functional components: a task scheduler and a component. The concept of "component" in TinyOS is somewhat different from the generally accepted one. Thus, the interface of a TinyOS component consists of two parts: the upper (upper), which is provided by this component as a provider, and the lower (lower), which is necessary for its operation. Both parts contain descriptions of commands and events.

Monolithic operating systems

• Monolithic operating systems are operating systems that do not have a specific structure . In this case, the operating system consists of several procedures, and these procedures can call (run) each other.
• In this case, procedures are created separately and combined into a single object file using
• For example: Unixware, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD), Solaris, OS -9, AIX, HP-UX, DOS, Microsoft Windows (95,98,Me), OpenVMS, XTS-400 , etc.

Simple structural view of a monolithic system

Basic procedure

Servant

Procedures

Utilities

Structural view of a monolithic system �the monolithic operating system structure with separate user and kernel processor mode in show

�Micronucleus�

• A microkernel is an operating system kernel that performs minimal functions .
• The main principle of the microkernel architecture is to create a high-level environment that allows access to hardware of any level.
• very small set of low-level primitives , or system calls , that implement the core services of an operating system .

These include:

• includes managing the address space of RAM ;
• manage virtual memory address space ;
• process and flow management;
• means of ensuring inter-process communication.

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�Micronucleus�

• The microkernel is the only software that runs at a privileged level. Other important features of the OS are removed from kernel mode and allowed to run in user mode. These functions include device drivers, applications, file servers, interprocess communication, and more.
• One of the main advantages of the microkernel architecture is the high level of modularity of the operating system kernel. This makes it much easier to add new components to it. In a microkernel operating system, you can load and run new drivers, file systems, etc. without interrupting its operation.
• Determining the causes of kernel component errors ( debugging) The process is much simpler, since a new driver version can be loaded without rebooting the entire operating system. The components of the operating system kernel are not fundamentally different from user programs, so you can use standard tools to identify the causes of errors in them. The microkernel architecture improves system reliability, since a program-level failure is less dangerous than a kernel-mode failure.

�Micronucleus�

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• For example: Mach, Chorus, Linux mk,
• Windows NT, QNX

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Difference between microkernel and monolithic kernel

Exonucleus

• Exonuclear is​ A type of kernel that is responsible for inter-process communication , safe process separation, and resource release . All other information that should be in the OS kernel is external. will be available in libraries .
• Unlike a microkernel-based OS , an exokernel -based OS provides higher performance because it does not have to switch between processes every time the hardware is accessed.

Embedded systems

• Installed system (Vstraivaemaya sistema, Embedded System) is this microprocessor or to the microcontroller based hardware and software supply system is mechanical​ or electronic in the system special functions to perform for intended .

Embedded systems

• Installed systems different devices governing on computers works . This systems user programs installation possible​ failure to give because of they usually computer not counted . Installed systematic to devices example as microwave ovens , televisions , DVD burners devices , simple phones and bring MP3 players​ possible . Installed​​ systems each​ how in case other programs​ install not to be with Microwave​​ to the oven new program loading possible not because​ his/her all programs permanent storage on the device is stored . Therefore for applications from each other protection to do and operational the system simplification need no .
• This in the field the most famous operational systems �Embedded Linux, QNX , Integrity and VxWorks is considered . �From this outside Vertex, pSOS , OSE, �Windows-CE are also available .
• Such an OS is developed manufacturers (Cisco, Qualcomm, �Palm, Cellvic , Windows IoT ( Windows Embedded )

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Embedded systems

Installed Embedded Systems programming​​​ for programming knowledge of the language (C and C++) himself/herself enough not , electronics , processes automation , robotics , computer science sciences good Knowledge is required . Installed systems following on devices application possible :

• local and industry in robots ;
• ATMs ;
• household equipment ( laundry) wash machines , multicookers , televisions and others );
• game devices ;
• measurement equipment ( meters , oscilloscopes , testers) and others );
• medical equipment ( tomographs , tonometers , glucometers , surgical robots and others );
• car computers , navigators ;
• signaling systems ;
• smartphones ;
• mobile smart devices ( headphones , fitness blasters) and etc. ).

Real-time operating systems

• Real time operational system is​ operational of the system one type is , its main purpose clear technician real time in tools systems design , manufacture exit and use for necessary and enough functions package with is to provide .
• Operation real- time in systems is operational of the system known time between necessary level service show is the ability .
• Real time operational systems two to the type divided - hard real time systems and soft real time systems .
• Real time task to perform for necessary was time the most bad provide even in cases can operational system hard real time operational called a real - time system . task average to perform for necessary was time provide can system soft real -time operational is called a system .

Real-time operating system architecture

Real-time operating systems

Real time operational system to examples

• QNX
• OS-9
• VxWorks/Tornado
• IA-SPOX
• RTX
• Falcon
• Hyperkernel

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Real-time operating systems

RTOS has its own exact real time information because of installed systems ( Embedded Systems ) in many applies and their some main applications below quoted :

• Mobile applications .
• Online transaction system .
• Medical fast help systems .
• Airplane and defense systems .
• Network and multimedia systems .
• To block against brake systems .
• Air movement management systems .
• Online call .
• Tickets reservation to do systems .
• Commands management systems .

Smart card operating systems

• The most small operational systems on smart cards works .
• Smart card is​ own to the processor has was credit card in size device .
• They have installable The required OS processor calculation power and memory amount according to very hard to restrictions face is coming .
• Smart cards some they installed device contact through powered , others - contactless smart cards - induction effect with powered .
• Of them some electronic payments a single function like complete takes , but many There are also smart cards with functions .

Smart card operating systems

• Smart card operational systems Windows, UNIX and even to DOS functions has Not a regular smart card . operational systems - it is similar to DOS , it is the answer giving to the card placed orders from the collection consists of .
• Computers and work stations for known was From OS different as , smart card In OS user interface and external to memory entrance opportunity no .
• Smart card In the OS to the information to enter protection to do and program to perform during security the most high priority has .

Pocket PC operating systems

Pocket PC operating systems

Many to classes divided and many edged was simple from their computers different as a pocket computers their own operational more stringent on systems (OT) connected .

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Today to the day come , pocket computers and smartphones for The main OS are :

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• By Open Handset Alliance working issued Google Android ;
• Apple 's iOS ;

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Other operational systems :

• Windows Mobile by Microsoft ;
• Windows Phone;
• Windows 10 Mobile.
• PalmSource of the firm Palm OS;
• of Research In Motion Blackberry ;
• Symbian OS ( formerly EPOC);
• GNU/Linux.

Process concept

• “ program ” and “ task ” are used to describe static , inactive (неактивный) objects .
• For a program to run , the operating system must allocate a certain amount of memory , connect input/output devices and files to it , that is, allocate a certain part of the resources of the entire computing system . Their number and configuration may change over time . To describe such active objects, we use the new term “ PROCESS ” instead of the terms “ program ” and “ task ” .
• So in short, a process is a sequence of active tasks (commands) in the execution of a program.

An abstraction

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OT

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Manages the process

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Taken to be done

Stopped

The simplest process state diagram

Process components

• Program object (runnable or executable program)
• Data (Incoming and outgoing data)
• Resources (processor, memory)
• Status (running, stopped, waiting, etc.)

Process status

• Processes are under the control of the operating system .
• Single-processor computer Only one process can be running in the system at any given moment .
• In multiprogramming computing systems pseudo-parallel processing of multiple processes, It is done by transferring the processor from one process to another . While one process is executing, the others wait their turn .

Process status

• The process is as follows : may be in:
• New creation (new) – the process is newly created
• Ready – the process is ready to be called to the processor by the operating system.
• Running – the process is executing based on instructions
• Waiting – a process is in a waiting state for execution (for example, waiting for an I/O operation to complete)
• Terminated – the process has completed and ended its operation.

Process state diagram

ready

in progress

waiting

Login

Ready to be executed

Interruption

Waiting for the process

in the case of

Process completed.

Change process priority

New process

Stops the OS

Goes to sleep

Interruption

Goes to ready state

execution

Exit

finished

Complete process state diagram�

creation

ready

in progress

finished

waiting

Permission to give

interruption

finish

I/O or event completion

( completed incident )

I/O or event wait

( the incident) wait )

Planning

send weight

Creating processes

• When creating processes, the following 4 sequences (events) are performed:
• System initialization
• Launch system call processes to create this process
• Send a request to the user to create a new process
• Initialization of batch tasks
• The fork () operator (system call operator [method]) is

Process control unit

• Process status
• The process program counter , (the address of the next command to be executed for the process .
• Processor register structure .
• Information needed for memory management and processor usage planning ( process priority , address space , size and location , etc.)
• Account information : process identification number , which user initiated its execution , the process's CPU usage time , etc.
• Devices related to input/output devices ( e.g. , what devices are connected to the process , open file tables, etc. ).

Process Control Block (PCB)

the CPU ceiling from the process to the process to pass management

The process planning status

• Queue work
• Ready turn
• Queue device

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winword.exe, notepad.exe, TOTAL64.exe

ready turn and different kind input / output devices

Process – addresses area

code

(text)

static data

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heap

( separated dynamic memory )

Kernel Code and Data

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PC

SP

User Space

stack

(dynamically allocated )

Kernel Space

32-bit Linux & Win XP – 3G/1G user space/kernel space

descriptor concept

• Descriptor – operational in the system processes keeps .

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