CLASS 6�Chapter 8�BODY MOVEMENTS�

Presented By Mr. R.K.Prusty,

TGT SCIENCE, JNV, Jajpur,Odisha

��� ��Topics to be covered :-� 1.Introduction � 2.Human Body and its movements�3.Joints:� -Ball and socket joint� -Hinge joint� -Pivotal joint� -Fixed joint�4.Skeletal System�5.Bones�6.Cartilages�7.Muscles�8.Movement in other animals� -Earthworm� -Snail� -Cockroach� -Fish� -Birds� -Snakes�� ��

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INTRODUCTION

• Movement is the act of moving.
• Movement is one of the characteristics of all living organisms.
• Animals move either by changing their position or posture or both.
• Movement causing a change of place of the entire

organism is called locomotion.

• Plants do not show locomotion but have only growth related movement.
• Movement of body parts help in locomotion.
• All locomotion are movements but all movements may not be locomotion.

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• For locomotion of animals muscles , bones and joints are necessary.
• Animal locomotion varies according to their body design and the body parts involved in movements or locomotion ,for example cows walk with legs , snakes slither with their whole body , birds fly with their wings etc.

HUMAN BODY AND ITS MOVEMENTS

• Human body parts like hands , legs , neck, head , elbow , shoulder , knee moves differently during different activities like playing , doing exercises etc.
• Different movements include complete rotation , partial rotation , bending , lifting etc, for ex- during bowling our shoulder rotate completely , elbow bends in one direction and neck rotate partially.
• This bending or rotation of body parts is possible due to joints .

JOINTS AND THEIR TYPES

• Place where two parts of our body seem to join together are called joints.
• 1. Fixed joint ( Fibrous joint ) – Do not allow movement and found in cranium and upper jaw.
• 2.Cartilaginous joint –Limited movements are allowed . Bones are joined by cartilages found in vertebral column .
• 3.Synovial joint –Considerable movements are allowed . Fluid filled synovial cavity between two bones found in limbs like knee , elbow , shoulder etc .Ex- ball and socket joint , pivotal joint and hinge joint .

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BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

• The rounded end of one bone fits into the cavity of other bone, allow movement in all direction . Ex-shoulder joint and hip joint .

PIVOTAL JOINT

• In this joint cylindrical bones rotate in a ring.
• One bone pivots within another bony structure that forms a ring .
• When we turn our head side to side or forward and backward, this joint in neck help its movement .

HINGE JOINT

• It allows movement like the hinge of a door .
• Bones can move only along one axis to bend .
• It allows back and forth movement .
• Ex-elbow , knee and finger joint.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Skeleton forms the framework of the body.
• Our skeleton is inside the body (endoskeleton)
• Bones , cartilages and joints form the skeleton of human body . It gives the frame , support and shape to the body and helps in movement . It also protects the inner organ.
• X-ray image gives the detailed structure of bones and joints .

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BONES

• Hard parts of our body are called bones .
• These are strong and non flexible tissues made of calcium.
• Bones form the frame work of our body. Various bones in our body are-

i. Bones of upper limb

ii .Bones of lower limb

iii. Skull

iv. Ribcage

v. Backbone

vi. Shoulder bone

v . Pelvic bone

Bones of upper limb

• Each upper limb is made of 30 bones .

i. Arm-One long bone , humerus with a rounded head.

ii. Fore arm- consist of 2 bones: radius and ulna.

iii. Wrist-8 short carpal bones.

iv . Palm-5 long metacarpal bones.

v. Fingers – long bones called phalanges (thumb – 2,each other finger- 3)

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Bones of lower limb

Each lower limbs has 30 bones.

1. Thigh – 1 strong longest bone (femur).
2. Knee – Patella a cup shaped bone ,knee cap.
3. Leg-Tibia and fibula(2 bones)
4. Foot-7 tarsus(form heel and ankle) ,5 metatarsal and14 phalanges

Rib cage

• Box like structure that connects chest bones and back bone.
• Ribs(12 pairs), sternum and thoracic vertebrae forms the rib cage.
• Some important internal parts like heart , liver , lungs are protected inside the cage.

Back bone

• Located on the back side of the body .
• Composed of 26 serially arranged small bones called vertebrae .
• It is the point of attachment for ribs .
• It provides support to the head .
• It protects the spinal cord .

Shoulder bones

• It is made of 3 bones : collar , shoulder blade, upper arm bone .

Pelvic bones

• It encloses the portion of the body below stomach.
• This is the part we sit on.

Skull bones

• Made of 22 bones (fixed joint) .
• It encloses and protects a very important part of the body; the brain.
• It consists of 2 types of bones :1.cranial bones (8 bones ). 2.Facial bones(14 bones)

Cartilage

• Some additional part of the skeleton that are not as hard as bones and can be bent.
• These are semi transparent , elastic and flexible connective tissue.
• Found in nose , ear , trachea and covering of bones in movable joints .
• Maintain shape and the flexibility of the organ and also supports the structure.

Muscles

• Bundle of tissue with the ability to contract responsible for the movement in the body.

MUSCULAR MOVEMENT: Movement by the contraction of muscles.

Region in human body which exhibit muscular movements are : movement in limbs, jaw, tongue, eye lids, rib cage etc.

How do muscular tissue cause movement ?

• Muscular tissue contains muscle fibres .
• Muscle fibres contain contractile protein which enables contractions and relaxation that causes movement .
• Contraction of muscle pulls the bone.
• Muscle becomes shorter, stiffer and thicker when contracted .
• Muscle works in pair. When one contracts the other relaxes.
• A muscle can only pull, it cannot push . Thus 2 muscles have to work together to move a bone .

HOW DO OTHER ORANISMS MOVE

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• They do not have bones, body is segmented .
• Each segment has muscles and bristles called setae.
• They have 2 types of muscles –circular and longitudinal muscles .
• Contraction of circular muscle and relaxation of longitudinal muscle leads to extension of the body and its reverse shorten the body .
• So earthworm moves by alternate extension and contraction of the body using muscles.
• Tiny bristles on the under side of the body helps in griping the ground .
• Its body secretes a slimy substance to help movement through soil.

EARTH WORM

SNAIL

• Soft unsegmented body covers with a shell made of calcium carbonate ( exoskeleton).
• Moves at very slow speed even slower than earthworm .
• Wavy motion of the muscular foot help to drag along its body.

COCKROACH

• Cockroaches are brown coloured insects
• Body is segmented and is divided in to head, thorax and abdomen.
• Body is covered with exoskeleton.
• They have three pairs legs attached with muscle help to walk and climb.
• Two pairs of wings attached with breast muscle move the wings to fly

BIRDS

• Birds can fly in the air and walk on the ground.
• Hollow and light weight bones,strong and powerful flight muscles help them fly.
• Fore limbs are modified as wings.
• Hind limb bones are typical for walking and perching(help to sit on a branch).
• Some birds like duck and swan also swim in water.

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FISHES

• Body is streamlined that offers least possible resistance to the moving water as paper boat moves in water through its pointed end.
• Strong muscles on the skeleton help in swimming.
• Fins and tail control the balance and direction during swimming.
• During swimming muscles make the front part of the body curve to one side and the tail part swings towards the opposite side quickly.
• This makes a jerk and pushes the body forward.
• Series of such jerks make the fish swim ahead.

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SNAKES

• Snakes have elongated body and have no legs.
• They have many thin muscles connected to each other to the backbone, ribs and skin.
• Its body curved into many loops.
• Each loop of the snake gives it a forward push by pressing against the ground and moves forward very fast but not in a straight line.

LIBRARY ORIENTED ASSIGNMENTS AND PROJECTS

Q1.What type of joint is found in your a) wrist b) back bone?

Q2. Streamlined body shape help the fish to move in water.

Is the body shape of bird also streamlined? If yes, how it helps the bird to fly in air?

Q3. How do snakes move without legs?

Q4. Find out the medical terms related to joints as follows-

• Study of bones , joints.
• Specialist in bones and joints.
• Diseases related to bones , joints , cartilages.

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PROJECTS

1. Make models of different types of joints.
2. Observe your body movements while you perform table exercises during morning P.T. class and prepare a table on the basis of body parts involved and type of movements.(follow table 8.2 in text book)
3. Collect X-ray image of different body parts/joints and identify.
4. Prepare a chart on human skeleton.

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THINGS TO THINK

1 .Find out the total number of bones present in child and adult. How is the number of bones reduced in adult?

2. Why two legs for humans and four for cows and buffaloes?

3. Why do some birds fly and some cannot?

4. How different joints in our body help us performing different activities?

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