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Volume 4

Head neck, neuroanatomy, Imaging, clinical anatomy

chapter (1) introduction to head, neck, CNS

chapter (2) Cranial cavity, vertebral canal

chapter (3) Spinal cord- external features, PNS, ANS

chapter (4) Brainstem, cranial nerves functional components, reticular formation

chapter (5) Diencephalon, 3rd ventricle,

chapter (6) White matter of cerebrum, Limbic system, 1st cranial nerve

chapter (7) cerebellum, 4th ventricle

chapter (8) Tracts of spinal cord, Somatosensory and somatomotor pathways

chapter (9) Histology, embryology, Radiology of CNS

chapter (10) Blood supply of CNS

chapter (11) - Orbit, eyeball, 2,3,4,6 cranial nerves

chapter (12) Tongue, Mouth, pharynx, Nose, 9,10,11,12 cranial nerves

chapter (13) - Larynx, thyroid, parathyroid glands

chapter (14) - Ear, 8th cranial nerve

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chapter (15) - Salivary Glands, structures in lateral region of head

chapter (16) - Anterior and posterior triangles, 10th nerve revision

chapter (17) - blood vessels and lymphatics of head neck

chapter (18) - pre and para-vertebral muscles, cervical plexus

chapter (19) - Scalp, temple, face, 5,7 cranial nerves

important Appendix – Tips for saurashtra university theory exam

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Page | 299

Chapter (1) introduction to head, neck, CNS

Draw outlines of various regions of head. Draw outlines of neck triangles in its continuity.

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Write names of skull bones in flow chart, with paired and unpaired classification. Draw single diagrams of separate bones. (page 1)

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Write names of skull bones in flow chart, with paired and unpaired classification. Draw single diagrams of separate bones. (page 2)

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Draw norma frontalis & norma verticalis with relevant real bone features. Take reference of skull specimen in anatomy lab and cadaver.

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Draw norma lateralis and occipitalis, with relevant real bone features. Take reference of skull specimen in anatomy lab and cadaver.

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Draw norma basalis & cranial cavity open view, with relevant real bone features. Take reference of skull specimen in anatomy lab and cadaver.

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Make list of all foramen and processes in skull, and write its relevant structures.

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Draw outer and inner aspects of mandible, and show all attachments. Draw fractures and age related changes in mandible. Draw directions of movements of mandible. (page 1)

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Draw outer and inner aspects of mandible, and show all attachments. Draw fractures and age related changes in mandible. Draw directions of movements of mandible. (page 2)

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Draw all aspects of hyoid bone, with bony features, and attachments.

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Draw typical cervical vertebra and its features. Show all joints, ligaments, membranes and muscles.

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Draw atypical cervical vertebra and its features. Show all membranes, attachments and joints formed.

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Draw ethmoid bone in different views. Draw lateral wall of nose in sagittal section, with different air sinus locations.

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Draw parts of neuron. Draw types of neuroglia.

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Draw various types of neuronal synapses. Write neuro-transmitters names.

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Draw blood brain barrier, and write its importance. Write function of neuron, and function of neuroglia.

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Write classification of nervous system, with its subdivisions. Write all cranial and spinal nerves names. Speak these names in ascending, descending and functional random orders (1,2,8 then 5,7,9,10,11, then 3,4,6,12, then 3,4,6,8,11) and record a YouTube video for your reference.

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Draw schematic figure of nucleus, ganglion, nerve and tract. Write their definitions in table form and bullet points form.

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Write scheme of upper and lower motor neuron, with their organ levels.

Write flow chart of concept of nerve supply in the body. Identify usable headings in all short notes.

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Draw frontal view of face, and show all parts of orbit inside eyeball, lip and nose.

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Chapter (2) Cranial cavity, vertebral canal

Draw floor or cranial cavity and its 3 subdivisions. Draw all foramen and write cranial nerves names passing through all foramen.

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Draw superior orbital fissure & foramen lacerum, and structures passing through it.

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Draw jugular foramen, and foramen magnum, with structures related and passing through it.

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Write flow chart of layers of meninges around brain and spinal cord. Draw full CNS schematic figure showing all meninges.

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Make list of modifications of dura mater, and show each fold in diagram.

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Make list of all paired and unpaired cranial venous sinuses, and show all in panoramic 3D view.

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Draw all diagrams of cavernous sinus, and show all structures related to it.

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Draw coronal section of superior sagittal sinus, and arachnoid granulations.

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Draw pituitary gland and write its all parts in flow chart, with hormones secreted.

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Draw schematic T/S of vertebral canal, and its contents.

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Draw vertebral venous plexus all views. Draw blood supply of spinal cord in T/S (neuroanatomy).

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chapter (3) Spinal cord- external features, PNS, ANS

Draw external features of spinal cord. Write table of vertebral and spinal level.

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Draw spinal nerve structure. Draw its course from spinal cord in relation to vertebral foramen.

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Draw T/s of spinal cord showing basic features. Draw nuclei of spinal cord grey matter.

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Draw lamina of spinal cord and show various nuclei. Write table of lamina and nuclei.

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Draw diagram of autonomic nervous system. Draw typical spinal nerve and attached autonomic ganglia connections.

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Draw course and relations of typical spinal nerve, and show rootlet, root, trunk, ramus and branches.

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Draw sympathetic chain in relation to vertebral column. Draw pelvic splanchnic nerves of thorax and abdomen.

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Write comparative table of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (page 1).

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Write comparative table of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (page 2).

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Draw flow chart of classification of nerve fibers.

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Draw layers of connective tissues of nerve fiber, and muscle fiber. Compare their layer names.

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Draw and write mechanism of degeneration and regeneration of nerve fiber.

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Draw diagrams of all peripheral nerve endings (general sensation receptors), and write their specialized functions.

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Draw diagrams of special sense receptors, and write their functions.

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Draw muscle spindle, and golgi tendon organ. Write names and functions of all nerve fibers in it.

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Chapter (4) Brainstem, functional components of cranial nerves, reticular formation

Draw location of brainstem, with outline of cerebrum, and cerebellum. Draw outline of 4th ventricle.

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Draw development of neural tube in embryo. Write flow chart of all parts of tube.

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Draw development of neural crest cells, and write name its of all derivatives with locations.

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Draw ventral and dorsal views of brainstem. Separate levels by dotted horizontal lines.

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Draw T/S of neural tube, showing all functional columns in right and left side. Draw T/S of spinal cord functional columns, and compare with brainstem.

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Draw name of tracts in spinal cord. Draw T/S of lower medulla (at pyramidal decussation) and compare with it.

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Draw T/S of medulla at middle part (sensory decussation).

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Draw T/S of medulla at upper part (floor of 4th ventricle).

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Draw blood supply of medulla and cerebellum- inferior view, lateral view.

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Draw T/S of lower pons.

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Draw T/S of upper pons.

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Draw sagittal section of diencephalon, showing relationship of brainstem with higher centers.

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Draw T/S of lower part of midbrain (at inferior colliculi).

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Draw T/S of lower part of midbrain (at superior colliculi).

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Draw auditory pathway, and vestibular pathway in parallel. Write their separate functions.

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Draw medial longitudinal fasciculus, and write its connections and functions.

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Write names of reticular nuclei in brainstem in table- median, medial and lateral columns. Write functions of reticular formation.

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Chapter (5) Diencephalon, 3rd ventricle,

Draw flow chart of divisions and sub-divisions of diencephalon.

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Draw sagittal section of diencephalon, showing all mentioned structures in above diagram.

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Draw superior view of two thalamus, draw left lateral view of left thalamus. Show all nuclei.

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Write flow chart of all nuclei of thalamus. Write full form of all nuclei in a separate list (motor, sensory, limbic, nonspecific).

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Write table of afferents and efferents of thalamus, and their functional importance. Draw its tracts in left lateral view of thalamus. (page 1)

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Write table of afferents and efferents of thalamus, and their functional importance. Draw its tracts in left lateral view of thalamus. (page 2)

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Draw dorsal view of midbrain, show components of metathalamus & its cerebral connections.

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Draw connections of pineal gland in right lateral sagittal view of diencephalon.

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Write names of nuclei in medial and lateral group of hypothalamus. Show them in 3D diagrams.

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Show connections of fornix, mamillary body, and posterior pituitary, passing in hypothalamus.

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Write functions and clinical anatomy related to hypothalamus.

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Draw parts of anterior and posterior pituitary. Draw developmental stages of pituitary gland.

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Draw histology of pituitary gland. Write all cells names and their functions.

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Draw 3D view of thalamus and basal nuclei relation. Draw it within outline of cerebrum.

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Draw superior view of diencephalon with parts of internal capsule, & outline of lateral ventricles. Right & left 3 D view.

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Draw connections of basal nuclei in coronal section through middle cranial fossa. Show afferent and efferent in separate color and indicate proper directions.

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Write parts of subthalamus. Show its connections.

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Draw sagittal section of diencephalon showing extent of third ventricle. Draw coronal section of 3rd ventricle and compare all of its relations.

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Chapter (6) White matter of cerebrum, Limbic system, 1st cranial nerve

Draw outlines of lateral, medial and inferior surface of cerebrum. Note sides in anatomical position. Use real specimen in lab for drawing live. See what’s sulcus and gyrus in specimen.

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Draw base of brain, and show all sulcus and gyrus with names. Show origins of all cranial nerves in this view.

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Draw lateral surface of cerebrum, with all sulci and gyri names.

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Draw medial surface of cerebrum, with all sulci and gyri names.

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Draw lateral surface of cerebrum, with numbers, names and functions of areas.

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Draw medial surface of cerebrum, with numbers, names and functions of areas.

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Write overall combined functions of cerebral cortical areas. Write relevant clinical anatomy.

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Write flow chart of white matter of cerebrum, and all fibers names.

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Draw white matter of cerebrum with examples of each figures. (page 1)

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Draw white matter of cerebrum with examples of each figures. (page 2)

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Draw all parts of internal capsule with its relations and cartoon of body parts in T/S of 3 D view. Show ascending and descending fibers in different colors.

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Draw blood supply of internal capsule and circle of willis.

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Draw all ventricles in superior 3D view. Show all parts of lateral ventricle in it.

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Draw outlines of lateral ventricles in left lateral view, covered by cerebral hemispheres.

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Draw relations and structures in anterior, posterior and inferior horn of lateral ventricle. Compare similarities in anterior horn and third ventricle diagrams.

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Draw pathway of olfactory nerve and tract.

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Write flow chart of components of limbic system. Draw 3D view of all limbic structures.

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Draw all afferent connections of amygdala.

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Draw all efferent connections of amygdala, and compare with afferents.

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Draw afferents and efferents of septal nuclei.

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Draw hippocampal formation in 3D view. Draw hippocampus in coronal section with its fiber paths.

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Draw fornix and its parts. Write its components.

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Chapter (7) cerebellum, 4th ventricle

Draw open view of cerebellum from median plane, with floor of 4th ventricle in center.

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Draw superior and inferior view of cerebellum, with major fissures and lobes. Correlate it with real specimen in anatomy lab.

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Draw parts of vermis, paravermis and lateral zone. Draw right half of cerebellum in relation to brainstem, with all parts of vermis.

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Draw histology of cerebellum. Draw single rosette formation.

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Draw cerebellar peduncles, and write their component tracts in table. (page 1)

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Draw cerebellar peduncles, and write their component tracts in table. (page 2)

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Write afferents and efferents from cerebellum to spinal cord, and cerebrum.

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Write functions and clinical anatomy of cerebellum.

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4th

ventricle. Draw

Draw dorsal surface of brainstem showing boundaries and floor or extensions/recesses of 4th ventricle.

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chapter (8) Tracts of spinal cord, Somatosensory & somatomotor pathways

Write flow chart of names of all descending tracts of spinal cord, with beginning and end points. Draw T/S of all tracts location.

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Write flow chart of names of all ascending tracts of spinal cord, with beginning and end points. Draw T/S of all tracts location.

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Draw T/S of ascending and descending tracts into each separate half, and compare with medulla section lower part.

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Draw schematic diagram of cortico-spinal (pyramidal) tracts.

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Draw schematic diagram of vestibulo-spinal tracts.

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Draw schematic diagram of reticulo-spinal tracts.

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Draw pathway of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus in single figure.

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Draw spino-cerebellar tracts within three cerebellar peduncles. Refer cerebellum while drawing.

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chapter (9) Histology, embryology, Radiology of CNS

Draw histology of peripheral nerve, ganglia and spinal cord.

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Draw differentiation of ectoderm and neural tube and crest formation.

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Write clinical anatomy related to radiology of CNS.

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Chapter (10) Blood supply of CNS

Draw course and branches of vertebral artery.

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Draw circle of willis in relation to base of brain.

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Draw territories of anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries in outlines of cerebral hemispheres.

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Draw venous drainage of cerebrum.

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Draw blood supply of spinal cord in oblique T/S. Draw blood vessels location in T/S.

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Chapter (11) - Orbit, eyeball, 2,3,4,6 cranial nerves

draw optic axis and visual axis in eyeball. Draw cross section of eyeball, and show visual field overlapping and light rays focus.

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draw sagittal section of eyeball, with all structures around it, and trigeminal ganglion.

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Draw extra-ocular muscles of eyeball in relation to superior orbital fissure.

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Draw parts of levator palpebrae superioris in lateral view. Draw histology of eyelid.

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Draw all ligaments of eyeball, deep fascia modifications, and oblique muscles course.

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Draw superior dissected view of orbit, draw ciliary ganglion and its connections.

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Draw branches of ophthalmic artery, and central retinal artery.

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Draw full cross section of eyeball with all three layers.

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Draw microscopic structure of lens, ciliary body, and iris.

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Draw muscles of iris in anterior view, with their nerve supply. Draw layers of cornea histology.

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Draw development of eyeball and optic nerve.

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Draw ten layers of histology of retina.

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Draw 3D view of eyeballs, and show all 4 rectus and 2 oblique muscles in orbital cavity.

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draw visual pathway, and its levels of lesion, with blind areas in visual fields.

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draw direct and consensual light reflex pathway.

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Draw accommodation reflex pathway.

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Draw pupil dilatation reflex pathway.

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Draw conjunctival and corneal reflex pathway.

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Draw oculomotor nuclear complex different views- and correlate its component nuclei with relevant muscles of eyeball.

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Draw course of oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve and abducent nerve.

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Write clinical anatomy of all disorders of eyeball.

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Chapter (12) Tongue, Mouth, pharynx, Nose, 9,10,11,12 cranial nerves

draw open mouth view of oral cavity. Draw elevated tongue view.

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Draw nerve supply of tooth.

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Draw parts of tooth, and developmental stages of tooth. Write origin of tissues from neural crest.

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Draw dorsal and ventral surface of tongue.

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Write names of papillae of tongue. Draw histology of tongue, with various papillae. Draw histology of lips.

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Draw intrinsic muscles of tongue. Write table of their names, locations and action.

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Draw extrinsic muscles of tongue, along with supra hyoid muscles.

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Draw blood supply and lymphatic drainage of tongue.

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Draw nerve supply of tongue. Write functional components and nerves related, and type of sensations.

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Draw pharyngeal arches development, and write their respective components. (page 1)

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Draw pharyngeal arches development, and write their respective components. (page 2)

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Draw development of oral cavity and tongue.

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Draw developmental stages of face, nose, lips and palate.

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Draw boundaries and subdivisions of parts of pharynx. Write flow chart of its parts.

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Draw parts of external nose, and cartilages.

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Draw lateral wall of nose (1) with nasal conchae, and (2) without nasal conchae with all paranasal sinus openings.

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Draw parts of median septum of nose, and lateral wall of nose- with their blood supply.

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Draw parts of median septum of nose, and lateral wall of nose- with their nerve supply.

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Draw parts of ethmoid and sphenoid bones. Draw coronal section of maxillary & ethmoid sinus.

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Write clinical anatomy of mouth, tooth, & tongue.

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Write clinical anatomy of nose and paranasal sinuses.

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Draw full hemi–section of head neck showing relations of pharynx and larynx.

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Draw posterior view of open tonsil, pharynx and larynx.

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Draw palatine tonsils with its boundaries and relations. Draw waldeyer’s lymphatic ring.

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Draw histology of palatine tonsil. Draw histology of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage.

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Draw schematic structure of layers of pharynx wall, with muscles and fasciae divisions.

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Draw three constrictor muscles of pharyngeal wall. Draw their overlapping arrangement like pile of cups.

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Draw styloid apparatus and write its all muscles nerve supply. Write their separate embryological origins.

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Draw structures passing through gaps between constrictors of pharyngeal wall.

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Draw blood supply of tonsil. Write clinical anatomy of tonsil.

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Draw oral aspect of hard palate with other relevant bony features.

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Draw muscles of soft palate, and write their origin and insertions.

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Draw trigeminal nerve and its branches. Draw pathway of trigeminal lemniscus.

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Draw full course & distribution of glossopharyngeal nerve.

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Draw full course & distribution of vagus nerve.

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Draw full course & distribution of hypoglossal nerve.

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Draw full course & distribution of cranial and spinal parts of accessory nerve.

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Chapter (13) - Larynx, thyroid, parathyroid glands

Write names of paired and unpaired cartilages of larynx. Draw panoramic anterior and lateral view of larynx.

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Draw all separate cartilages of larynx and epiglottis (page 1).

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Draw all separate cartilages of larynx and epiglottis (page 2).

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Draw sagittal & coronal sections of larynx with membranes, ligaments, and muscles.

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Draw sagittal & coronal sections of larynx with membranes, ligaments, and muscles.

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Write names of all muscles of larynx, and draw their separate diagrams with all cartilages (page 1).

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Write names of all muscles of larynx, and draw their separate diagrams with all cartilages (page 2).

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Draw coronal section of larynx showing all cavities of larynx. Draw superior view of rima glottides in different size and shapes.

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Draw laryngoscopic view, and singler’s nodules. Write clinical anatomy of larynx.

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Draw nerve supply and blood vessels of larynx.

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Draw anterior view of thyroid gland in relation to elevated mouth view.

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Draw blood supply and nerve supply of thyroid gland.

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Draw all neurovascular structures in contents of carotid triangle.

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Draw T/S of thyroid gland, showing all structures and fascia of neck.

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Draw histology of thyroid and parathyroid glands.

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Draw developmental stages of thyroid. Write clinical anatomy of thyroid.

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Chapter (14) - Ear, 8th cranial nerve

Draw oblique coronal section of ear, showing all of its subdivisions, and auditory tube. Draw cranial view of everything.

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Draw parts of right auricle, draw supra-meatal triangle boundaries in bony parts.

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Draw rudimentary muscles on outer and inner aspect of external ear. Draw nerve supply & blood supply of external ear.

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Draw all views of tympanic membrane. Write clinical anatomy of tympanic membrane.

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Draw three parts of middle ear cavity- coronal section, and anterior view.

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Write all boundaries wall and related contents of each side of middle ear. Prepare a model in lab.

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Draw figure of middle ear cavity from lateral side open.

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Draw open box schematic view of middle ear with all boundaries & contents.

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Draw ossicles of middle ear, write its all parts names, and joints with types. Draw tensor tympani and stapedius muscle attachments on separate figure.

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Draw coronal section of palate, showing muscles of auditory tube, and soft palate. Draw sagittal section of head neck showing opening of auditory tube.

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Draw otic ganglion and its connections.

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Draw membranous labyrinth within outlines of bony labyrinth.

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Draw cut section of bony labyrinth showing its elevations and depressions. Draw helicotrema and modiolus in separate spiral cut view.

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Draw subdivisions of vestibulo-cochlear nerve supplying parts of internal ear.

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Draw cut section of organ of corti. Draw cells of ampulla and macula in schematic views.

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Draw auditory pathway, vestibular pathway and medial longitudinal fasciculus (page 1).

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Draw auditory pathway, vestibular pathway and medial longitudinal fasciculus (page 2).

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chapter (15) - Salivary Glands, structures in lateral region of head

draw and label platysma muscle origin and insertions, right and left side.

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Draw cutaneous nerves of neck. Draw cutaneous nerves of face.

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draw superficial veins of neck and lymphatic drainage of neck.

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draw sagittal section of head neck showing extent of all layers of cervical fascia.

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Repeat- draw full t/s of neck at thyroid level, showing all structures and layers of fascia covering.

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Draw deep cervical fascia covering parotid and submandibular gland – split & close views.

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Chapter (16) - Anterior and posterior triangles, 10th nerve revision

draw sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, with their nerve supply.

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draw boundaries and outlines of anterior and posterior triangle. Write flow chart of both triangles’ subdivisions.

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Draw roof and floor of posterior triangle.

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Draw floor and contents of posterior triangle.

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Draw boundaries and subdivisions of anterior triangle, with flow chart.

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Draw structures in anterior median region of neck, and both side submental triangle.

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Draw (1) boundaries and floor (2) boundaries and contents of submandibular(digastric triangle).

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Draw (1) boundaries and floor (2) boundaries and contents of carotid triangle.

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Draw suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle in anterior and lateral view.

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Chapter (17) - blood vessels and lymphatics of head neck

Draw all branches of arch of aorta, in relation to superior mediastinum and neck.

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Draw right and left subclavian arteries, with its branches.

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Draw course and relations of vertebral artery all parts.

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Draw internal carotid artery all parts and all views.

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Draw all branches of external carotid artery.

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Draw all branches of maxillary artery.

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Draw internal jugular vein and its tributaries.

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Draw formation of external jugular vein, compare it with venous drainage of skull and face.

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Draw various stages of development of face, nose, lips and eyeball. (page 1)

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Draw various stages of development of face, nose, lips and eyeball. (page 2)

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Chapter (18) - pre and para-vertebral muscles, cervical plexus

draw origin and insertions of all pre and paravertebral muscles (page 1)

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draw origin and insertions of all pre and paravertebral muscles (page 2)

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draw origin and insertions of all pre and paravertebral muscles (page 3)

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draw origin and insertion of back of neck muscles, and trapezius.

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draw structures around atlas and axis vertebrae, with joints and ligaments. (page 1)

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draw structures around atlas and axis vertebrae, with joints and ligaments. (page 2)

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Draw parotid gland and its relations, with subdivisions of facial nerve.\

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Page | 548

Draw anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamenta flava and zygapophyseal joints.

254 of 274

Page | 549

draw boundaries and contents of suboccipital triangle.

255 of 274

Page | 550

draw all relations of scalene muscles, and contents of scaleno-vertebral triangle.

256 of 274

Page | 551

Draw different views and perspectives of cervical plexus, and write flow chart of its branches. (page 1)

257 of 274

Page | 552

Draw different views and perspectives of cervical plexus, and write flow chart of its branches. (page 2)

258 of 274

Page | 553

Draw cervical sympathetic ganglia and its branches.

259 of 274

Page | 554

Draw deep structures in root of neck.

260 of 274

Page | 555

Draw boundaries and contents of carotid triangle. Draw formation and contents of carotid sheath.

261 of 274

Page | 556

Write clinical anatomy of Horner’s syndrome, with explanation of all symptoms. Draw diagrams if necessary.

262 of 274

Page | 557

Draw boundaries of infra-temporal fossa.

263 of 274

Page | 558

Chapter (19) - Scalp, temple, face, 5,7 cranial nerves

Draw all layers of scalp. Draw superior view of its blood supply and nerve supply.

264 of 274

Page | 559

Draw nuclei of facial nerve, and its intra-cranial & extra-cranial course (page 1).

265 of 274

Page | 560

Draw nuclei of facial nerve, and its intra-cranial & extra-cranial course (page 2).

266 of 274

Page | 562

Draw all branches of trigeminal nerve. Write flow chart.

267 of 274

Page | 563

Draw all branches of facial nerve.

268 of 274

Page | 564

Draw supra-nuclear and infra-nuclear palsy and its write relevant clinical anatomy.

269 of 274

Page | 565

Draw blood supply and venous drainage of the face.

270 of 274

Page | 566

Draw sections of eyelid, and components of lacrimal apparatus. (page 1)

271 of 274

Page | 567

Draw sections of eyelid, and components of lacrimal apparatus. (page 2)

272 of 274

Page | 568

Write flow chart of pathways of lacrimal, parotid, and submandibular glands. Compare similarities and differences.

273 of 274

Page | 569

Draw full course of vagus nerve, and write tissues supplied with branches names. (page 1)

274 of 274

Page | 570

Draw full course of vagus nerve, and write tissues supplied with branches names. (page 2)