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Endocrine System

Unit 11 Lesson 3

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COPYRIGHT

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  • Explain the function of the endocrine system
  • Describe care interventions for clients experiencing endocrine problems
  • Identify specific endocrine signs and symptoms that are reported to the nurse

Student Learning Outcomes

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The Endocrine System

  • Glands secrete hormones influencing body organs
  • Transportation
    • Hormones travel via the circulatory system

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Components of the Endocrine System

  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Adrenals
  • Thymus
  • Pineal
  • Pancreas
  • Ovaries
  • Testes

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Functions of the Endocrine System

  • Nutrition Regulation
    • Controls appetite, nutrient absorption/storage/usage
  • Metabolic Role
    • Influences metabolism and energy levels
  • Reproductive Function
    • Supports reproductive health
  • Health Impact
    • Links between poor diet, obesity, and diabetes

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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The Pancreas and Insulin

  • Insulin Role
    • Hormone enabling glucose usage for energy
  • Diabetes Connection
    • Affects insulin production and function
  • Prevalence
    • 11% of U.S. population has diabetes
    • 49% over 65 have prediabetes

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Diabetes

  • Type 1 Diabetes
    • Pancreas fails to produce insulin
  • Type 2 Diabetes
    • Insulin resistance due to obesity
  • Complications
    • High blood glucose damages cardiovascular, kidney, nerve, and eye health

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Critical Thinking Question

A 65-year-old client with type 2 diabetes reports feeling increasingly thirsty and needing to urinate frequently. What should be the immediate action taken by the nurse’s aide?

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A) Encourage the client to drink more water.

B) Report the symptoms to the nurse immediately.

C) Suggest the client get more rest.

D) Advise the client to skip their next meal.

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Monitoring and Managing Diabetes

  • Blood Glucose Testing
    • Essential 1-4 times daily
    • Performed by nurses
  • Medication
    • Oral or injectable insulin to maintain healthy glucose levels
  • Patient Education
    • Importance of adherence to treatment plans

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)

  • Causes
    • Excessive insulin or inadequate carbohydrate intake
  • Symptoms
    • Confusion
    • Irritability
    • Shakiness
    • Cold/clammy skin
    • Sweating
    • Hunger
    • Anxiety
  • Immediate Action
    • Report signs promptly to the nurse

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Critical Thinking Question

A resident with diabetes suddenly becomes shaky and irritable. What should be the first step taken by the nurse’s aide?

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A) Provide the client with a sugary snack or drink.

B) Offer the client a glass of water.

C) Help the client lie down and rest.

D) Wait to see if symptoms improve on their own.

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Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)

  • Causes
    • Insufficient insulin or diabetic medications
  • Symptoms
    • Increased urination
    • Thirst
    • Hunger
    • Fruity breath
    • Warm/dry skin
    • Fast/deep breathing
  • Immediate Action
    • Report symptoms to the nurse for intervention

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

© 2013-2024 Nurses International (NI).

Contact info: info@nursesinternational.org

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Care Interventions for Diabetes

  • Dietary Guidance
    • Encourage whole grains, non-starchy vegetables
    • Avoid refined sugars
  • Exercise Promotion
    • Support client activity to regulate glucose levels
  • Foot Care
    • Daily skin inspections
    • Proper footwear
    • Avoid nail trimming

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

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Contact info: info@nursesinternational.org

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Care Role in Endocrine Health

  • Education
    • Teach clients about managing their condition
  • Observation
    • Monitor for signs of hypo/hyperglycemia
  • Support
    • Provide emotional and practical support to patients

Sandquist-Reuter, 2023

© 2013-2024 Nurses International (NI).

Contact info: info@nursesinternational.org

© 2013-2025 Nurses International (NI) and the Academic Network. All rights reserved.

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Critical Thinking Question

The nurse’s aide notices a resident with diabetes has a small blister on their foot. What should the nurse’s aide do?

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A) Apply an antiseptic and bandage the blister.

B) Tell the client to avoid walking.

C) Report the finding to the nurse immediately.

D) Encourage the client to wear tighter shoes to protect the foot.

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References

Sandquist-Reuter, M. (2023). Nursing Assistant. WisTech Open. https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nurseassist/

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© 2013-2025 Nurses International (NI) and the Academic Network. All rights reserved.

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