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Chapter 11: The Internet �and Multimedia

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Overview

  • Internet history
  • Internetworking
  • Multimedia on the Web

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Internet History

  • The Internet began as a research network funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Defense Department in 1969.
  • In 1989, the National Science Foundation (NSF) took over the management of the ARPANET.

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Internetworking

  • A network is a cluster of computers.
  • In a network, the server computer provides network services to the client computers on that network.

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  • Several local area networks (LANs) can be interconnected using gateways and routers to form a wide area network (WAN).
  • LANs and WANs can be connected to the Internet through a server that provides Internet software and physical data connection.

Internetworking (continued)

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Internetworking (continued)

  • Internet addresses
  • TCP/IP

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Internetworking (continued)

  • Internet addresses
    • The Domain Naming System (DNS) assigns names and addresses to computers linked to the Internet.
    • Top-level domains (TLDs) were established as categories to accommodate Internet users.

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Internetworking (continued)

  • Internet addresses (continued)
    • The two-letter US domain is based on political boundaries.
    • The IP address or Internet address is made up of four numbers separated by periods.

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Internetworking (continued)

  • TCP/IP
    • The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) are the protocols for communication on the Internet.
    • A stream of data that is sent over the Internet is first broken down into packets by the TCP.

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  • TCP/IP
    • Data packets include the receiving computer's address, a sequence number, error correction information, and a small piece of data.
    • IP is responsible for sending the packet to its destination along a route.

Internetworking (continued)

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Internetworking (continued)

  • A telephone dial-up account and modem, a cable modem, or a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is required for network connection through an Internet service provider (ISP).

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Internetworking (continued)

  • The amount of data expressed in terms of bits per second (bps) is referred to as bandwidth.
  • The greater the bandwidth, the lesser will be the time taken to upload or download data.
  • Low-bandwidth modem connections are a bottleneck for sending multimedia across the Internet.

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Internetworking (continued)

  • Bandwidth bottlenecks can be avoided using the following options:
    • Compress data before transmitting.
    • Oblige users to download data only once, �and then store that data on the system's hard disk.
    • Design multimedia elements to be efficiently�compact.

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Internetworking (continued)

  • Bandwidth bottlenecks can be avoided using the following options (continued):
    • Design alternate low-bandwidth and high-bandwidth navigation paths to accommodate �all users.
    • Implement incremental streaming methods.

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Internetworking (continued)

  • Each Internet service is implemented on an Internet server by dedicated software known as a daemon.
  • Daemons are agent programs that run in the background and wait to act on requests.

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  • The Internet supports services such as the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the Post Office Protocol (POP).
  • The other services provided by the Internet include https, ftp, gopher, usenet, telnet, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP), and mud.

Internetworking (continued)

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Internetworking (continued)

  • Recognizable documents and formats are required to work with multimedia on the Internet.
  • The MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) type is a standard list of file name extensions.
  • It identifies the nature and purpose of the transmitted data.

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Multimedia on the Web

  • The World Wide Web was designed by �Tim Berners-Lee.
  • It is a protocol for linking multiple�documents located on computers anywhere�within the Internet.
  • The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)�provides rules for a simple transaction�between two computers on the Internet.
  • Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a�document format for presenting structured�text mixed with inline images.

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Multimedia on the Web (continued)

  • Dynamic web pages can be created using Cold Fusion, PHP, JavaScript, and programs written in Java.
  • XML (Extensible Markup Language) is used to format and delivery web pages using styles.

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Multimedia on the Web (continued)

  • Designing effective multimedia for the Web�includes:
    • Presenting text, images, audio, and animation in �a user-friendly interface that balances bandwidth�deficits.
    • Understanding how to deliver multimedia content�for HTML browsers and plug-in/player vehicles.

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Multimedia on the Web (continued)

  • Tools for the World Wide Web
    • Development of HTML standards is stressed�by rapid release of tools and increased�demand for features.

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Multimedia on the Web (continued)

  • Tools for the World Wide Web (continued)
    • Web servers
    • Web browsers
    • Search engines
    • Web page makers and site builders
    • Plug-ins and delivery vehicles

​

​

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Multimedia on the Web (continued)

BBEdit is a professional programmer’s text editor with dedicated features for web page development.

​

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Multimedia on the Web (continued)

3-D Worlds

  • Beyond HTML
    • 3-D worlds

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Summary

  • The Internet connects private companies, organizations, universities, and individuals.
  • The Internet is a cluster of computers.
  • ISPs provide network connections through a dial-up account, a cable modem, or a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL).

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Summary (continued)

  • The Domain Name System (DNS) manages the identities of computers connected to the Internet.
  • HTTP provides rules for contacting, requesting, and sending documents encoded with the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
  • JavaScript, Cold Fusion, and XML can be used to generate dynamic Web pages.

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