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CHAPTER 3

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SENSATION , ATTENTION

AND PERCEPTION

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

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  • Describe the meaning, types

and determinant of attention

  • Explain the sensory process.
  • Explain meaning of attention, factors influencing it and classroom importance of attention.
  • Describe the meaning,

nature and principles of perception

  • Elaborate characteristics of perception, Factors influencing perception and errors in Perception

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CHAPTER OUTLINE

Sensation

  • Introduction to sensation
  • Sensory process
  • Types of senses and sensation
  • Sensory disorders

Attention

  • Introduction, nature, characteristics and types of attention
  • Factors influencing attention and it’s classroom importance

Perception

  • Introduction, nature and characteristics of perception
  • Factors affecting perception
  • Errors in perception
  • Difference between hallucination and illusion

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SENSATION

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Sensation refers to the process of sensing environment through touch, taste, sight, sound and smell.

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SENSORY PROCESS

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TYPES OF SENSES

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TYPES OF SENSATION

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SENSORY DISORDERS

(Abnormality in sensory process)

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continue..

The most common types of sensory alterations are

  • Sensory deficits
  • Sensory deprivation
  • Sensory overload

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ATTENTION

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Attention is a selective act of consciousness.

-Rex and Knight

Attention is a process which focuses the mind on stimuli of conscious. —William James

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NATURE OF ATTENTION

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  • Attention is a cognitive process and not a mental power.
  • Attention is a selective process. Attention is gatekeeper to perception.
  • There can be no attention in the absence of interest.
  • The thought of conscious life is impossible in the absence of
  • attention.
  • Attention can be focused only on one aspect of environment.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTENTION

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Shifting Nature

Requires active mental efforts

Readiness

Motor Adjustment

Selectiveness of Attention

Narrow Span

Inquisitiveness

Three Aspects

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TYPES OF ATTENTION

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SUSTAINED

ATTENTION

SELECTIVE

ATTENTION

ALTERNATING

ATTENTION

DIVIDED

ATTENTION

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FACTOR INFLUENCING ATTENTION

(Determinants)

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External (Objective) Factors

  • Nature of stimulus
  • Systematic form
  • Intensity and size of stimulus
  • Contrast, change and variety
  • Movement of the stimulus
  • Location
  • Isolation
  • Novelty
  • Duration
  • Repetition
  • Intensity

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FACTOR INFLUENCING ATTENTION

(Determinants)

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Internal (Subjective) Factors

  • Interest
  • Motives
  • Moods and attitudes
  • Aptitude
  • Curiosity
  • Organic state
  • Preparatory set
  • Aim
  • Habit
  • Disposition or temperament
  • Social suggestion
  • Past experience
  • Meaning

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DURATION AND DEGREE

/MEASUREMENT OF ATTENTION

Span of attention

Fluctuation of attention (Shifting of attention)

Distraction of

attention

Concentration

of attention

Division of attention

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PERCEPTION

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Perception as the process of interpretation of experience of sensation.

—Ryburn

Perception is the process of obtaining knowledge of external objects and events by means of senses.

—Stanger

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION

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Sensation does not involve selection and

combination.

Perception involves selection of stimuli and

combination of them into pattern.

Sensation is stimulation of sensory receptor which neural impulses that brain interprets.

In perception brain organizes the information and translates it into meaning.

Sensation does not involve excitation of the association areas.

Perception involves the excitation of the association areas.

Sensation is the first response of the brain.

Perception is the second response of the brain.

Sensation involves sense organs and sensory receptors.

Perception does not involve sense organs and sensory receptors.

​

​

Sensation

Perception

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FACTOR AFFECTING PERCEPTION

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Gestalt’s law of organization

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Connection

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FACTOR INFLUENCING PERCEPTION

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External (Objective) Factors

  • Intensity
  • Size
  • Movement
  • Novelty
  • Abrupt change

Internal (Subjective) Factors

  • Motives and needs
  • Mental set
  • Emotions
  • Attitude
  • Past experience
  • Values

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ERRORS IN PERCEPTION

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  • These can be divided into sensory distortions and sensory deception.
  • In distortions there is a constant real perceptual object which is perceived in a distorted way while in sensory deceptions a new perception occurs which may not be in response to an external stimulus.

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Sensory distortions

Change in intensity

Change in quality

Changes in spatial form

Splitting of perception

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Sensory deceptions

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  • In sensory deception a new perception occurs which may or may not be in response to an external stimulus.
  • It includes mainly illusions and hallucinations (Hamilton, 1968).

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ILLUSIONS

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It is misinterpretations of stimuli arising from an external object.

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TYPES OF ILLUSIONS

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HALLUCINATIONS

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  • Hallucination is “a false perception without a stimuli/object”.
  • Hallucinations are sensory experiences that appear real but are created by mind.
  • They can affect all of five senses. It may be caused by mental illnesses, the side effects of medications or result of alcohol use.

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TYPES OF HALLUCINATIONS

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