Children's development in TIME
5 stages of child development
THE FIRST STAGE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
INFANT DEVELOPMENT
(0-12 MONTHS OLD)
Today, psychologists recognize that child psychology is unique and complex, but many differ in terms of the unique perspective they take when approaching development.
Infants make rapid advances in both recognition and recall memory, and this in turn increases their ability to understand and anticipate events in their environment. As infants at one month begin to better express their feelings (often with alert, widened eyes and a rounded mouth) the bond between parents and baby strengthens.
Infant developmental psychology addresses the critical stage of human development from conception to roughly age 2, a time period when growth is so rapid, and the consequences of neglect so damaging, that many believe this to be the most important stage of a person’s life.
Research has shed light on the developmental milestones, or typical growth changes, which occur for infants. The following chart summarizes the major milestones that occur between birth and 12 months of age, broken down by the major domains of child development:
Domain: | Milestones between 0-3 months: |
Cognitive | Shows signs of learning (e.g., how caregivers will respond to cries) |
Emotional & Social | Begins recognizing faces, voices, smells; begins showing early signs of responding to others; relies on caregivers for calming distress |
Toddler ( 2 - 4 years)
As physical growth and development slow during the ages of two to four, motor skills, cognitive development and language take huge strides. In just a few short years, the child will go from crawling and babbling as an infant to running, jumping and excitedly telling stories as a Kindergartener.
From age two to five, children learn more about their feelings and begin developing friendships with other children their age. Children begin to understand the difference between right and wrong at this age. They will look to their parents for limits and rules and will also often test these limits. Often, when children this age do something wrong, they will begin to feel guilty about it.
From starting school to entering puberty, age 5 to 12 is a time of great progress and development for a child. While the changes may be more gradual, the child’s thinking, emotions and body will continue to develop.
grade-schooler pre-teenager
Between age 6 and 10, children are able to better understand and think about several elements of an issue. However, they are still likely to think in very concrete terms and only about things they can experience for themselves.
After age 10, a child’s thinking begins to evolve and to take in more abstract and symbolic ideas. they will also gain a better understanding of consequences, even though they may not yet grasp how these consequences will impact their own life.
Linked to the hormonal and neurodevelopmental changes that are taking place are psychosocial and emotional changes and increasing cognitive and intellectual capacities. During their second decade of life, adolescents develop stronger reasoning skills, logical and moral thinking, and become more capable of abstract thinking and making rational judgements. Also, they are more able to take other people’s perspectives into consideration and often want to do something about the social issues that they encounter in their lives.
(10 YEARS OLD-19 YEARS OLD)
Changes taking place in the adolescent’s environment both affect and are affected by the internal changes of adolescence. These external influences, which differ among cultures and societies, include social values and norms and the changing roles, responsibilities, relationships and expectations of this period of life. These changes affect adolescents in their immediate environment of family, school and community but reflect a range of wider societal changes, including increasing urbanization, globalization and access to digital media and social networks.
While adolescents experience similar biological, cognitive and psychosocial developmental processes, the timing and influence of these processes depend on both individual characteristics and the environments in which they live, learn, play and work.
ADULTHOOD
Adult development encompasses the changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of one's life. These changes may be gradual or rapid and can reflect positive, negative, or no change from previous levels of functioning. Changes occur at the cellular level and are partially explained by biological theories of adult development and aging. Biological changes influence psychological and interpersonal/social developmental changes, which are often described by stage theories of human development. Stage theories typically focus on "age-appropriate" developmental tasks to be achieved at each stage. Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories of human development that encompass the entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life.
Personality change and stability occur in adulthood. For example, self-confidence, warmth, self-control, and emotional stability increase with age, whereas neuroticism and openness to experience tend to decline with age.
Family relationships tend to be some of the most enduring bonds created within one's lifetime. As adults age, their children often feel a sense of filial obligation, in which they feel obligated to care for their parents.
Friendships, similar to family relationships, are often the support system for many individuals and a fundamental aspect of life from young adulthood to old age. Social friendships are important to emotional fulfillment, behavioral adjustment, and cognitive function. Research has shown that emotional closeness in relationships greatly increases with age even though the number of social relationships and the development of new relationships begin to decline. In young adulthood, friendships are grounded in similar aged peers with similar goals, though these relations might be less permanent than other relationships. In older adulthood, friendships have been found to be much deeper and longer lasting. While small in number, the quality of relationships is generally thought to be much stronger for older adults.
project realised by secelEANU MEDEEA, harceaga emilia AND TIPOLD KRISTINE