GOVT. (AUTO.) AYURVEDIC COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL GWALIOR

DEPARTMENT OF SWASTHAVRATHA

SUBMITTED TO-

DR. UPASANA BHARADWAJ (H.O.D)

Dr. Pawan Sharma

(lecturer)

SUBMITTED BY-

SHIVAM KESHARWANI

ROLL NO-39

(BAMS 3rd YEAR)

TOPIC- EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR UNSEWERED AREAS

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EXCRETA DISPOSAL

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 The improper disposal of excreta results many diseases,

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e.g. typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, diarrhea , cholera, worm infestation,

viral hepatitis, etc. the health hazards of impr1oper

excreta disposal are same as that of accumulated solid wastes

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Influence

Explain to your audience the influence and/or impact he/she had in life.

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Transmission of faecal –

Borne diseases :

Introduction of excreta disposal :

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👉Human excreta is a source of infection.

👉Cause of environmental pollution, need of the society to dispose it properly

👉Health Hazards

👉Soil pollution

👉Water pollution

👉Contamination of food

👉Propagation of flies

👉Spreading of communicable disease

Latrine

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A latrine is a toilet or an even simpler facility that is used as a toilet within a sanitation system

Methods of excreta disposal:-

Unsewered areas -:

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👉Service type latrines (conservancy system)

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👉Non service type (sanitary latrines)

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👉Latrines suitable for camps and temporary use.

Service type (conservancy System)

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The collection & removal of night soil from bucket or pail latrines by human agency is called service type or conservancy system, and the latrines are called service latrines.

Service type (conservancy System)

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The night soil is carried by Soil Cart' to the place of final Disposal where it is disposed by:

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1. Composting
2. Burrial in shallow trenches

Non service type (Sanitary latrines):-

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(i) Bore hole latrine

(ii) Dug well or pit latrine

(iii) Water seal type latrine

(iv) Septic tank

(v) Aqua privy

(vi) Chemical closet

(i) The latrine consists of a circular hole (12-16 inches) in diameter, dug vertically into the ground to a depth of 13-26 feet (usually 20 feet).��(ii) In loose or sandy soils, the hole is lined with bamboo matting or earthen-ware rings to prevent caving in the pit.��(iii) A concrete squatting plate with a central opening and foot rest is placed over the hole.��(iv) suitable enclosure is put up to provide privacy.�

Bore hole latrine

(v) This latrine is used for private purpose, not for public use.��(vi) For a family of 5-6 people, the capacity of this latrine is one year��(vii) When the contents of the bore hole reach within 20 inches of the ground level, the squatting plate is removed and the hole is closed with earth.��(viii) The night soil undergoes purification by anaerobic digestion.

👉 No need of service (human) for daily removal of excreta.��👉 The pit is dark and unsuitable for fly breeding.��👉 No danger of water pollution if water source is aways about 15 metres.

Merits of bore hole latrine :-

👉 It has small capacity��👉 A special instrument viz., Auger is needed to construct the hole��👉 It is difficult to dig a hole if water level is low and soil is loose.

Demerits of bore hole latrine :-

👉 It is an improvement over the bore hole latrine.��👉 A circular pit about 30 inches in diameter and 10-12 feet deep is dug into the ground. In sandy soil, the depth may be reduced to 6-7 feet.��👉 Squatting plate and enclosure is same as bore hole laterine.��👉 The nightsoil undergoes purification by ANEROBIC DIGESTION

Pit latrine (Dug well type)

(i) It is easy to construct and no special instrument is required to dig.��(ii) It has greater capacity.

Merits of pit latrine :-

• In these latrine the squatting plate is fitted with a water seal, which performs two functions.��(a) Prevent the entry of flies.��(b) Prevent the bad odors and foul gases

Water seal latrine

TWO TYPES OF DESIGN ARE POPULAR FOR WATER SEAL LATRINES

Water seal latrine

1. P.R.A.I. type- ��Designed by planning, Research and Action Institute, Lucknow

Water seal latrine

2. R.C.A. Type- ��

Water seal latrine

Designed by Research Cum Action project, ministry of health, India

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Both designs have same functioning but there are minor engineering difference. The RCA latrine has been accepted for use in different part of the country.

(a) Location- � It should be located at least 15 meters away from a source of water supply, and at a lower elevation to prevent the bacterial contamination of water.��

RCA LATRINE

b) Squatting plate or slab –� It should be made up of an impervious material (usually cement concrete) so that it can be washed and kept clean and dry.) Slab should be of 3 feet square dimensions and 2 inches thickness at the outer edge with a 1/2 inch slope towards the pan.) For the convenience two raised footrests should be included.

RCA LATRINE

(c) Pan- � A pan of 17 inches length and 5 inches broad in front portion and 8 inches broad in widest portion with a uniform and smooth slope to back should be there.

RCA LATRINE

d) Trap- � It is a beat pipe, connected with pan and provides water seal of 3/4 inch . Its diameter should be 3 inches. Water seal is the distance between the level of water in the trap and the lowest point in the concave upper surface of the trap. This water seal prevents the access by flies and bad odors.

RCA LATRINE

(e) Connecting pipe- � When a pit is dug, away from the slab, the trap is connected to the pit by a short length of connecting pipe of 3 inches in diameter and at least 1 meter in length with a bend at the end.��A latrine where pit is away from the slab is called indirect type. In the direct type there is no need for a connecting pipe. The direct type is cheaper and easier to construct and occupies less space. An advantage of indirect type is that when the pit fills up, a second pit can be put into operation. Therefore, the indirect type is usually preferred.

RCA LATRINE

(f) Dug well- � It is usually 30 inches in diameter and 10-12 feet deep. In loose soil a bamboo matting or earthenware rings are used to prevent caving in the pit.

RCA LATRINE

(g) Superstructure – � A superstructure is constructed for privacy.

RCA LATRINE

(h) Maintenance – ��👉The squatting plate should be washed frequently and kept dry.�👉This latrine should not be used for refuse or debris.�👉People should learn to flush the pan after use,

RCA LATRINE

There is a modified type of water seal latrine known as "Sulabh shauchalaya", which is used for public purpose. It is connected to a pit of 3x3x3 cubic ft where excreta undergoes bacterial decomposition and is converted to manure. This method requires very little water.

Sulabh shauchalaya

It is used for disposing excreta and liquid wastes from individual houses or institutions which have adequate water supply but not connected to public sewerage system.

Septic

tank

👉Capacity- 2.5-5 cubicfeet/person, minimum 500 gallons (2250 lits)��👉Length- Twice the breath��👉Depth- 5-7 feet��👉Liquid depth- 4 feet��👉 Air space- Minimun 1 feet (between liquid and under surface)

Design features :-

👉Bottom- Sloping towards inlet for the retention of solid��👉Inlet and outlet- These are pipes, submerged into liquid��👉Cover- It should be of concrete slab with a manhole��👉Retention period- Ideally 24 hours, too long retention will result in undue septicity of effluent and too short period gives insufficient treatment

Design features :-

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��👉Solids are settled down in the tank and form sludge��👉Solids are broken down into simpler chemical compounds by the action of bacteria and fungi, called ANAEROBIC DIGESTION. This is the first stage of purification. A portion of these solids is transformed into liquid and gases (mainly methane).��

Working of a septic tank

��👉Lighter solids including grease and fat rise up to surface and form scum.��👉The liquid passes out of the outlet called effluent. It contains bacteria, cysts, ova, organic matter etc. This effluent is allowed to percolate in subsoil. In the soil the organic matter is oxidized into stable end-product i.e., CO2, H2O and NO3 by AEROBIC OXIDATION which is the second stage of purification.�

Working of a septic tank

👉Use of soap water and disinfectant (phenol) should be avoided because these are injurious to bacterial flora.��👉Desludging at regular interval once a year is required. ��👉Newly built septic tanks are first filled with water upto the outlet level then seeded with ripe sludge, drawn from another septic tank to provide bacteria for decomposition.

Operation and maintenance

👉It consists of a water tight chamber filled with water.��👉A short length of a drop pipe from the latrine floor dips into the water.��👉The tank should be circular or rectangular.�� 👉A capacity of one cubic metre is recommended for a small family, allowing 6 years or more.��👉Aqua privies are designed for public use also.

Aqua

privy

👉Its working is like septic tank.��👉Nightsoil undergoes purification by anaerobic digestion. ��👉There is evolution of gases, so a vent (pipe) should be open above the roof of house.��👉It should be treated like the effluent from septic tank by sub-soil irrigation or absorption.��👉The digested sludge should be removed at regular intervals

Aqua

privy

👉The closet consists of a metal tank containing a disinfectant fluid. ��👉The active ingradiant of fluid are formaldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds (Savlon), and a harmless water dye and a deoderizing substance are usually incorporated.��👉A seat with cover is placed over the tank.��👉Nothing except the toilet paper should be thrown into the closet.��👉These closet are commonly used in airoplanes, luxurious buses etc.

Chemical closet latrine

LATRINE SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND TEMPORARY USE

(I) SHALLOW TRENCH LATRINE

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LATRINE SUITABLE FOR CAMPS AND TEMPORARY USE

(ii) Deep trench latrine

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- SHIVAM KESHARWANI