Manifest Destiny�American Territorial Expansion�1803-1853

What do you see in the image?

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What kinds of colors are used in this portion of the painting? Be explicit

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What do you think the image is in the center of the painting?

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Predict what is in the second half of the image.

1. Describe 3 things you see in this image.

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1. What kinds of colors are used in this portion of the painting? Be explicit.

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1. How does this portion of the painting compare to the first half of the painting you analyzed?

AMERICAN PROGRESS, John Gast

What do you see/notice seeing the whole painting?

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What meanings are expressed about Manifest Destiny?

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Historian Martha Sandweiss states that American Progress “conveys a range of ideas about the frontier in nineteenth-century America,” including differences between realities and ideas. What do you think she means?

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How does this painting “convey a vivid sense of the passage of time as well as of the inevitability of technological progress?”

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How does Gast’s Painting Compare to O’Sullivan’s ideas about Manifest Destiny?

John L. O’Sullivan, Democratic Review, 1845

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Away, away with all these cobweb tissues of the rights of discovery, exploration, settlement….the American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty.

The Invasion of the United States

They Might Be Giants

170 Years of Expansion and Taking

Manifest Destiny

The Slavery Controversy

Essential Question

Did fulfilling our “Manifest Destiny” strengthen American nationalism or divide the country along sectional lines?

Your Chart

Manifest Destiny�American Territorial Expansion�1803-1853

Louisiana Purchase

1803

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

How Added

• Thomas Jefferson
• Purchased from France
• Challenged Jefferson’s strict interpretation
• Lewis & Clark Expedition

Thomas Jefferson

Nationalism

• New land for farming… Jefferson’s agrarian “empire of liberty”
• Free use of the Mississippi River & New Orleans port

Sectionalism

• Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise
• Missouri – slave state
• Maine – free state
• 36-30 line – above free, below slave
• Jefferson: “Firebell in the night”

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay

Your Chart

Florida

1819

Florida (1819)

How Added

• Purchased from Spain
• Adams-Onis Treaty
• Secretary of State John Q. Adams

John Quincy Adams

Nationalism

• New land for farming
• Distanced Spanish threat from U.S. homeland
• James Monroe’s “Era of Good Feelings”

James Monroe

Sectionalism

• New slave state
• Fugitive slaves… “Black Seminoles”
• Seminole Wars

Your Chart

Texas

1845

Texas (1845)

How Added

• Stephen Austin’s Missourians colonized Texas
• Texas War for Independence (1836-1837)
• “Lone Star” Republic of Texas

Stephen Austin

From 1836 to 1845, Texas was an independent nation; Sam Houston was �the first president of the Republic of Texas

In 1838, Houston invited the USA to annex Texas, but the debate over slavery kept America from adding Texas as a state

Nationalism

• “Remember the Alamo”
• James K. Polk: “Manifest Destiny” president

Sectionalism

• Annexation?
• North vs. South
• Polk supports annexation
• Annexed as a slave state

James K. Polk

Texas Annexation--Sectionalism

Right: A map, published in the Newark Daily Advertiser as the U.S. Senate was considering a Joint Resolution for the Annexation of Texas that had been adopted by the House of Representatives.

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Your Chart

Mexican Cession

1848

Mexican Cession (1848)

How Added

Nationalism

• “Manifest Destiny” accomplished
• “From sea to shining sea”
• 1849 California gold rush: “49ers”
• Clipper ships & trade with Asia

Texas Annexation & War--Nationalism

Sectionalism

• Thoreau: Civil Disobedience
• Emerson: “Mexico will poison us.”
• Lincoln: “Spot Resolutions”
• Wilmot Proviso
• Land should be free from slavery
• Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850
• California – free state
• New Mexico/Arizona – popular sovereignty
• Washington, D.C. – slave trade abolished
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Henry David Thoreau

Mexican-American War: Sectionalism

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Your Chart

Gadsden Purchase

1853

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

How Added

• Purchased from Mexico

James Gadsden

Nationalism

• Construction of the Southern Pacific railroad line

Your Chart

Oregon Country

1845

Oregon Country (1845)

How Added

• Border dispute with British Canada
• 49^th parallel?
• “54° 40’ or Fight!”
• Border settled peacefully at 49°

Nationalism

• “From sea to shining sea”
• “Manifest Destiny” accomplished
• Oregon gold rush

Sectionalism

• Free states
• appease northerners

Your Chart

Cuba:�Ostend Manifesto

1854

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

• Failed proposal to purchase Cuba from Spain
• Democratic diplomat James Buchanan

Nationalism

• Manifest Destiny… imperialism
• Monroe Doctrine

Sectionalism

• North opposed addition of another slave state

Your Chart

Nicaragua:�William Walker

1856-1857

William Walker in Nicaragua

• Possible location for a Central American canal
• William Walker declared himself president in 1856
• Deposed in 1857, executed in 1860

Nationalism

• Manifest Destiny… imperialism
• Monroe Doctrine

Sectionalism

• North opposed addition of another slave state

Your Chart

WAR & EXPANSION

• When Mexico encouraged settlers to come to its territory of Texas, many Americans brought slaves with them. In 1829, the Mexican government abolished slavery in Texas to try to lessen American influence. American slaveowners forced their newly-freed slaves to sign life indenture contracts, and the American population continued to grow even after Mexico forbade further immigration in 1830. Tensions mounted, and in 1835 a rebellion broke out. Although the Mexican army won initial engagements at the Alamo in San Antonio and the fortress of Goliad, a surprise attack by the Americans at the San Jacinto River in April, 1836 gained Texas its independence. Texas requested immediate admission into the United States, but opposition from the North to the addition of another slave state to the Union, then precariously balanced with 13 proslavery and 13 antislavery states, delayed its annexation until 1845. The annexation of Texas soon led to the Mexican War, lasting from 1846 to 1848.

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• Mexico severed diplomatic ties with the U.S. in protest after the annexation of Texas. Newly-elected President James K. Polk, rather than retreating, demanded even more concessions. In addition to extending Texas lands 150 miles southward to the Rio Grande, he demanded that Mexico cede New Mexico and California. The resulting war, presented by Polk as an invasion by Mexico of American land, divided the country, with Democrats siding with expansion, and Abraham Lincoln calling the war a "conquest brought into existence to catch votes."

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PUSH FACTORS OF THE

WESTWARD MOVEMENT

• Economic
• Health

A gen-you-wine

beaver pelt!

PULL FACTORS OF THE

WESTWARD MOVEMENT

• Personal
• Homestead Act
• Mineral Rushes
• Railroads
• Promotionals

Two happy emigrants

TRIVIA TIME!

What was the most common cause of death on the Oregon Trail?

1. Drowning
2. Accidental shooting

REALITY FACTORS

• Cost
• Isolation
• Hazards
• Statistics

All alone on the wide open prairie

DISCUSSION

What was the cost of moving west?

What benefits outweighed the cost?

Why would most people buy land rather than homestead?

Age of Imperialism

Whose Destiny?

Native Americans, African Americans & Mexicans

Trail of Tears

Mexican Lands

Expansion of Slavery

Civil War