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Memory and Learning

What You Need to Know

Aaron Daffern Author, Trainer, Consultant AaronDaffern.com

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Common problems

Students sometimes have difficulty:

  • Recalling previously taught information
  • Applying facts and skills to new contexts
  • Connecting new information to prior knowledge
  • Selecting the right skill to solve the problem
  • Assessing their response for reasonableness

If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around to hear it, does it still make a noise?

If a student learns something but can’t remember it a week later, was it ever truly learned?

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Memory test - preparation

I will read 8 statements aloud.

Do not write them down.

Your task is remember the descriptor for each man and what he did.

Ex. The twitchy man went into the house.

Remember: Do NOT write anything down. Simply use your memory.

Here we go.

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Memory test

Now get out a pencil and a piece of paper. Number your paper from 1 - 8.

I’m going to quickly reread the stems for the 8 sentences in random order. Write down what each man did.

  1. The Italian man
  2. The bearded man
  3. The sweaty man
  4. The tall man
  5. The military man
  6. The strong man
  7. The sweet man
  8. The curious man ...

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Memory test - answers

  • The Italian man sat on the bench.
  • The bearded man threw away the coupon.
  • The sweaty man stared at the pond.
  • The tall man laughed at the dog.
  • The military man left his house.
  • The strong man took off his cap.
  • The sweet man ran up the stairs.
  • The curious man forgot the key.

How did you do?

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Memory model

Information comes in through our various senses

Students pay attention to certain items, keeping them in short-term memory (limited)

When information is encoded, it goes into long-term memory (storage) through a process called consolidation (usually overnight)

Students recall previously learned information through retrieval

Forgetting happens continually and is a natural process

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Memory model

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Word pyramid

Let’s pause a moment to process what we’ve learned about memory so far

On your piece of paper, you’re going to build a word pyramid about memory

An example on a different topic (Civil War) is on the right

Make your pyramid with one of the most common letters (S, P, C, D, or M)

Start with a 2- or 3-letter word

Write a sentence with that word

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Prediction guide

Predict whether each statement is true or false.

  1. The best way to review previously learned information is to reread notes or the portion of the text. (True or False)
  2. When reviewing information, it’s better to mix up the content rather than only reviewing on skill/concept at a time. (True or False)
  3. As long as students attempt to retrieve learned information, they do not necessarily need to get feedback on the accuracy of their retrieval. (True or False)

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Memory model

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Retrieval

Retrieval practice, more effective than rereading notes or rereading a portion of text, can be as simple as writing down everything you remember, regular mini-quizzes, or stopping during a lecture to jot down two notes

Spacing increases the power of retrieval by spreading out retrieval rather than jamming it together

Interleaving also increases retrieval by mixing up the information, increasing recognition

Metacognitive feedback is vital because students need to know if what they retrieved is correct

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Prediction guide

Predict whether each statement is true or false.

  • The best way to review previously learned information is to reread notes or the portion of the text. (True or False)
  • When reviewing information, it’s better to mix up the content rather than only reviewing on skill/concept at a time. (True or False)
  • As long as students attempt to retrieve learned information, they do not necessarily need to get feedback on the accuracy of their retrieval. (True or False)

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Memory model

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Encoding

Elaboration is the process of finding additional layers of meaning in new material through reflection, generation, and association. Our brains are pattern detectors. We are always to figure out how things fit and work together.

Tasks that leverage memory use one or more elaboration tools:

  • Explain how something works
  • Look and observe something from different perspectives
  • Associate new knowledge with prior knowledge
  • Build mental and physical models
  • Organize new information into categories through classification
  • Reflect on gaps in knowledge and develop strategies to fill them
  • Analyze component parts and complex relationships
  • Try it out - as Nike says, “Just do it!”
  • Extend activities and learning into new configurations

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Generative Writing

Think about what you just learned about elaboration.

For teachers to maximize the brain’s encoding ability, what do the students need to do?

What should the tasks look like?

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Memory test 2.0

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Memory test 2.0 - preparation

I will read 8 new statements aloud. Do not write them down.

Your task is remember the descriptor for each man and what he did.

This time ELABORATE by adding a quick mental explanation.

Ex. The twitchy man went into the house.

The twitchy man went into the house (to get his medication).

Remember: Do NOT write anything down. Simply use your memory.

Here we go.

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Memory test 2.0

Now get out a pencil and a piece of paper. Number your paper from 1 - 8.

I’m going to quickly reread the stems for the 8 sentences in random order. Write down what each man did.

  • The humorous man
  • The dedicated man
  • The businessman
  • The chubby man
  • The frustrated man
  • The athletic man
  • The religious man
  • The jolly man ...

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Memory test 2.0 - answers

  • The humorous man turned off his cell phone.
  • The dedicated man decided to call in sick.
  • The businessman took off his glasses.
  • The chubby man raced to his brother’s house.
  • The frustrated man stared at the hole.
  • The athletic man clenched his fists.
  • The religious man ate another donut.
  • The jolly man sat down on the curb.

Now how did you do?

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Encoding and Retrieval

Students learn more when they:

  • Elaborate during encoding
  • Retrieve with spacing, interleaving, and metacognitive feedback

My latest book, Worksheets Don’t Work, shares 50 different alternatives that teachers can use, instead of worksheets, to make learning stick

You’ve already experienced three of them

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Word pyramid

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Prediction guide

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Generative Writing

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Thank you!

Aaron Daffern

Author, Trainer, Consultant, Coach

@AaronDaffern

AaronDaffern.com

Amazon.com/author/aaron.daffern

To receive 1 CPE credit for this webinar, please visit AaronDaffern.com/memory-and-learning