IPM AND FFS

2. Physical Method

• Physical methods involve the manipulation of temperature, humidity and use of radiant energies. These methods are particularly useful for destroying stored grain pests.
• Manipulation of Temperature:
• High temperature: Most of the insects are killed in a short time when they are exposed to high temperature of 60-66°C. Drying infested stored products in sun for 3-4 hours in summer also kills & prevents store grain pests. Super heating Empty godowns.
• Burning: Flame thrower with kerosene fuel have been used for burning the adults & nymphs of desert locusts on desert, barren lands & shrubs in the uncultivated areas.
• Low temperature: Nearly all insects become inactive at 60-40 F. Practically no damage occurs from insects at temperature below or near freezing point will prevent all insect damage

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Contd….

b) Manipulation of Moisture: Draining of marshy land & standing water is the most effective method of destroying mosquitoes and houseflies. Drying of grains (< 10%) before storage is a sound practice to prevent insect damage by stored grain pests.

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c) Manipulation of Light:

1. Light Trap: Several species of insect pests are attracted to light. In general insects appear to be strongly attracted at about 3650A, hence ultraviolet lamps have been used to such insects.
2. Unattractive Lamps: The use of yellow or red lamps reduces the nuisance of insects that are attracted to ordinary or ultraviolet lamps. Sodium vapor lamps involve higher initial costs but produce higher lumen output with less input wattage and do not attract many insects.

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Contd….

d) Use of Radiant Energy:

The atomic energy consists of X-rays, B-rays, G-rays. All these rays are effective in causing the death of tissues & sterility in insects. Gamma-rays are being used for the disinfection of stored products.

e) Use of Sound Wave:

Male mosquitoes are attracted by special sound waves & made sterile by electronic flash gun in Canada.

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3. Cultural Method/Control �

The control of pests through adoption in farming practices in such a way that the pests are either eliminated or reduced & their damage is negligible. This is one of the oldest traditional practices learnt by experience in farming.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF CULTURAL METHOD FROM NOTE

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contd...

a) Sanitation and good husbandry

• Collection & destruction of crop residues Eradication of affected plants & plant parts
• Destruction of weeds, alternative, collateral host
• Wild grasses are alternate host for sugarcane borers
• Removal & destruction of infested fruits-fruit flies, coffee fruit, borer

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Contd….

b) Tillage

Tillage operation is a good method of controlling many pests. Reported e.g. are:

• 10 cm deep ploughing & destruction of refuses reduced 98% pink bollworm population
• Birds such as crew & mynah pick up many insects exposed to soil surface.
• Minimized the white grubs, wireworms, cutworms etc populations
• Careful hand weeding of rice increases average yield by 45%
• Tillage also significantly reduces nematodes ( Meloidogyne sp. ) Of tobacco
• However, tillage operation favor wheat disease by 50% whereas only 17% in control or no tillage.

Contd…

Thus, tillage reduces the pest by:

• Mechanically damaging the pest
• By burying or exposing a developmental stage of the pest
• By changing physical condition (pH, moisture, O2 content) of soil
• By eliminating the alternate or main host plants
• By hastening the grown vigor of crops

Contd….

c.) Improved cropping system/pattern

1. Crop rotation: Change in the sequence of cropping patterns of different nature or alternating botanically unrelated crops
1. Much lower incidence of pests
2. Pressure on pests which have a narrow host range & limited mobility
3. Break the life cycle of insect pests & nematodes
4. Alternation of cereals & legume crops is a common practice. Legumes in rotation with grass crops greatly reduce white grub injuries
5. Rotation of groundnut with non-leguminous crop helps to minimize the leaf minors in groundnut

Contd….

Intercropping: Serve as predator, repellent etc.

• Maize & groundnut intercropping markedly decreased corn borer-spider activity increased due to groundnut
• Intercropping of tomato with cabbage; maximum reduction of DBM & Leaf Webber in cabbage. (1 row cabbage & 1 row tomato where cabbage is transplanted 30 days later tomato). Tomato secretes volatile compounds & it acts a repellant for insects.
• Carrot fly on carrots control by inter-planting with onion
• Groundnut with pearlmillet reduced thrips, jassids& leaf minor & also increase parasitic activities of Goniozus sp.

Contd….

Stripe cropping:

Use to prevent wind erosion & insect migration

• Mustard saw fly migrated from fallow to nearby plants only

Trap cropping:

Use as barrier or hazard or camouflage; as alternate host diverting the pest away from the main crop; & benefiting natural enemies of the pest

• Okra attracts bollworm & red cotton bug. So, planting few rows of okra on cotton field helps to attract those pests.

Contd…

d. Use of manure & fertilizer:-

• Balanced nutrients are less infested than excess or less fertilization
• Phosphorous deficit soil in wheat; damage by wireworm, stem fly
• Excess nitrogenous fertilizer; increase incidence of borers, plant hoppers &gallmidge in rice but excess potash & phosphorus reduces the incidence of aphids, gallmidge etc

Contd…

e. Time of sowing & harvesting

Most pests cause damage to a particular stage of the crop or appear only during certain period of the year. So, sowing or harvesting time manipulation helps to escape crops from pest damage.

• Okra planted during March-April; serve damage by fruit & shoot borer than planting during the rainy season
• Early sowing is practiced in case of mustard against mustard aphid, Bengal gram against noxious pest, cucurbit vine against red pumpkin beetle.

Contd….

f. Procuring pest free seeds:

Healthy & good seed should be selected.

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g. Use of resistant varieties

• IR-8, IR-20 varieties- Resistance to borer & leafhoppers
• PusaSawani of okra- Resistance to borer
• Winter Majestin of apple- Wolly aphid

IV. Biological Method/Control�

Eradication or suppression of undesirable pests by encouragement, artificial introduction or increase & their natural enemies such as predators, parasite & disease causing organisms is called biological control. The term biological control was first used by Smith in 1919 to signify the use of natural enemies.

Bio-Control Techniques or Methods includes

1) Augmentation (rearing or release):-

• Augmentation is the direct manipulation of natural enemies to increase their effectiveness. For example, in areas where a particular natural enemy cannot overwinter, an inoculative release each spring may allow the population to establish and adequately control a pest.
• Augmentation is used where populations of a natural enemy are not present or cannot respond quickly enough to the pest population. 

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Contd…

2) Conservation & Encouragement:-

• In any biological control effort, conservation of natural enemies is a critical component. This involves identifying the factor(s) which may limit the effectiveness of a particular natural enemy and modifying them to increase the effectiveness of the beneficial species.
• In general, conservation of natural enemies involves either, reducing factors which interfere with natural enemies or providing resources that natural enemies need in their environment.

3) Introduction/Inoculation:-

• It is advisable to introduce an exotic species of a natural enemy either when there is an unoccupied a niche and is required to be displaced by a more efficient exotic species. The former is a common situation in newly introduced pest in a country.
• Foreign explorations for parasites and predators have been made primarily to introduce parasites from the place of origin of the pest and sometimes to introduce exotic natural enemies of the indigenous pest species

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Agents of Biological Control

Contd…

6.3 Concept, principles and methods of IPM

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an economically justified & sustainable system of crop protection that utilizes all suitable techniques in a compatible manner & aims at maximizing & sustaining productivity leaving the least possible adverse consequences on the environment. IPM utilizes a wide range of pest control strategies and tactics.
• This system of pest management includes the use of mechanical, physical, biological, legal & chemical measures along with the application of pheromones, hormones, antifeedants & chemosterilants.

Principle of IPM

• To grow healthy crops
• To protect beneficial organism
• To regularly evaluate crops
• To make farmer perfect

Why Practice IPM ?

• IPM helps to keep a balanced ecosystem:

Introducing chemicals into the ecosystem can change ecosystem balance. Pesticides can kill beneficial insects that consume pests, leaving few natural mechanisms of pest control.

• Pesticide can be ineffective:

Chemical pesticides are not always effective. Pests can become resistant to pesticides. Pests may survive in situations where the chemical does not reach pests, is washed off, is applied at an improper rate, or is applied to an improper life stage of the pest.

• IPM can save money

IPM can avoid crop loss caused by pests and prevent unnecessary pesticide expense. Applicators can save on pesticide costs.

• IPM promotes a healthy environment

Using IPM strategies helps keep adverse effects of pest management on environmental components to minimum level.

Contd…

• IPM maintains a good public image.

IPM is now demanded by many sectors of our society. IPM has been implemented to grow our food, to manage turf and to protect humans, pests, and livestock health.

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Components of IPM

1. Identify and monitor pest :-

We should visit our crops often and on a regular basis to identify and monitor pest populations and/or the resulting loss or damage, track crop growth and field conditions, and find other problems.

2. Select best management tactics :-

Pest management tactics should be effective, practical,economical, and environmentally sound. To select the best control tactics, we have to:

• Understand the life cycle and habits of the pest. Some control methods will work only if they are used at the right time.
• Decide whether the infestation is serious in terms of economic loss.
• Compare the costs and benefits of various control methods
• Make plans for the future. Not every part of an IPM program can be put into effect immediately. Some tactics, such as planting resistant varieties or rotating crops, require long-range planning.

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Contd…

A number of economic concepts are helpful in determining the point at which the pesticides or other management practices should be applied:

• Economic damage occurs when the cost of preventable crop damage exceeds the cost of control.
• Economic injury level is the lowest pest population that will cause economic damage. For many pests it is important to use control measures before this level is reached.
• Economic threshold is the pest population level at which a control tactic should be started to keep the pest population from reaching the Economic injury level.

3. Record and evaluate results

It is very important to record and evaluate the results of our control efforts. To evaluate an IPM we should:

• Monitor our fields and keep records.
• Record control measures
• Compare effectiveness that are chosen

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Pest management Methods

1. Mechanical

2. Biological

3. Cultural

4. Physical

5. Genetic control method

Genetic modification of plant has been a new way of controlling insects and other pest population. Genetic control; refers to employment of an insect to destroy its own kind or self-destruction of the species. The great advantage of using genetic control is that genetic trait existing in a population can be fully utilized for self-control.

6. Host resistance method:

Sometimes plants can be selected to resist specific pest problems. Many plants actually repel various pests, and some contain toxic substance.

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Contd…

7. Chemical Control

Chemical controls are pesticides that are either naturally derived or synthesized. Pesticides often play key role in pest management program. Major benefit associated with the use of pesticides are their effectiveness, the speed and ease of controlling pests, and in many cases, their low cost compare with other methods.

Host plant resistance and botanical methods of pest management

Host Plant Resistance

• Host Plant Resistance (HPR) is a heritable characters possessed by the plant to avoid, tolerate and/or withstand pest infestation without subsequent loss in yield compared to a susceptible host at the same initial level of infestation under similar environment condition.

Advantages of HPR

• Easy to adopt- genetically incorporated seed alone to insect control.
• Economic return is high in the long run.
• Prevent the spread of plant diseases vectored by insects.
• HPR is specific to the pest & non-target species are not disturbed.

Disadvantages

• Takes longer time to develop plants resistant to insects i.e. 3-5 years for a pest or 10-15 years for a complex of several insects.
• Different resistant cultivars may be required for different geographic regions. This may be an expensive & time consuming process.

Botanicals methods of pest management

Botanicals product : Neem based pesticides: Margosom or Neemarin or Biomultineem (Azadirachtin 0.03%)

Organic pest management method or practice

• The general approach in organic agriculture to deal with the causes of a problem rather than treating the symptoms also applies for pest and diseases. Therefore, management is of a much higher priority than control.

The basic organic pest and disease management are :

• Maintain a healthy soil
• Use suitable varieties
• Maintain a healthy crop
• Use of natural pesticides
• Promote natural predators
• Monitor the crop regularly

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I. Prevention practices & monitoring

a. Selection of adapted and resistant varieties

b. Selection of clean seed and planting materials

c. Use of suitable cropping system

d. Use of balanced nutrient management

e. Input of organic matter

f. Application of suitable soil cultivation methods

g. Use of good water management

h. Conservation and promotion of natural enemies

i. Selection of optimum planting time and spacing

j. Use of proper sanitation measures (Hand weeding, Plastic mulching, Mowing)

Monitoring

• Typical signs of pest attacks on crop plants
• Typical signs of disease attacks on crop plants

Contd…

• Inducing plant resistance:
• Use of plant extract (Hedera helix, Rheum rhabarbarum, Reynoutriasachalinensis)
• Use of compost extract ( Compost: Water:: 1:5 to 1:8 i.e one liter of compost for every 5 to 8 liter of water)

II. Curative Methods

a. Promoting and managing natural enemies: For host plants providing food or shelter for NE’s ( Hedges, Beetle banks, Flower strips, Companion plants)

b. Mechanical control: Light traps, Colour & water trap, Yellow sticky trap, Fruit bagging,)

c. Biological control: Releasing NE’s ( Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Entomopathogenic nematodes)

d. Natural pesticides: Plant extracts ( Rotenone, Nicotine, Pyrethrinsetc)

Biotechnological method of pest management

• A recent off-shoot of biotechnology is genetic engineering which involves Gene splicing, recombinant DNA cloning & tissue culture technology. Transgenics plants are genetically modified (GM). The following are some of the practical methods or applications of biotechnology in pest management:

1. Monoclonal antibodies are used in testing seeds, planting materials, cuttings and grafting for the presence of viruses & bacteria.

2. Development of new varieties of field crops is an important component of biotechnology supplementing conventional breeding for desired traits including resistance to insects pests & diseases, drastically reducing the time for breeding a new variety.

3. Tissue Culture has been used for developing insect resistance in two ways i.e. screening insect resistance at cellular level & creation of somaclonal variability for insect resistance.

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Contd….

5. Herbicides- resistant plants are those in which resistance has been incorporateted through gene transfer using a bacterium that is resistant to herbicide. Usually, the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for transferring the resistance gene.

6. Transgenic plants possessing insect resistance can be obtained by transferring a natural “insecticide-gene”, originating from Bacillus thuringiensis, into plants. Transgenic plants produce a protein (toxin) that, when ingested by a feeding caterpillar, will kill it.

7. Investigating the molecular biology of key genes controlling insect development & reproduction

8. Studying gene-to-gene relationships by host-pathogen interactions.

Hormones, Pheromones, Sterile insect technique methods

Hormones : Insect hormones are internal secretions that regulate a wide range of physiological processes including growth, development & maturation.

Pheromones: A pheromones is a chemical or a mixture of chemicals released by an organism in the environment that causes specific reaction in a receiving organism of the same species.

The main pheromones are

• Sex Pheromones: They are pheromones released by an organism to attract an individual of the opposite sex, encourage them to mate with them.
• Alarm Pheromones: It is a pheromone which warns member of same species about the presence of enemies (predators) & elicit changes in behavior in different insect species. In aphid, pair of cornicles secretes alarm pheromones called as Tarpenes.

Contd….

• Trail Pheromones: The trail pheromones functions through the medium of air, followers perceive by their antennae to reach the destination for mating or to utilize food source. Hexanoic, heptanoic, decanoic, nonanic acids in some ants.
• Aggregation Pheromones: These pheromones include aggregation of insects for their protection, reproducing & feeding. After mating or continued feeding for some time pheromone production stops to prevent over crowing. Frontalin in barl beetle.

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Sterile insect technique method:

• The sterile insect technique is a method of biological control, where numbers of sterile insects are released. The released insects are normally male as it is the female that causes the damage, usually by laying eggs in the crop or in case of mosquito. The sterile males compete with the wild males for female insects.
• This technique has successfully been used to eradicate the Screw-worm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) in areas of North America. There have been many successes in controlling species of fruit flies, most particularly the Medfly (Ceratitis capitata) and the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrephaludens)
• This sterile insect technique method comes under the genetic control which involves “mass production sterilization & release of pest population that will mix & male with wild population in the field leading to a reduction in fertility & under certain circumstances to population eradication.

Assesment

1. Very short (Answer question)

1. Define IPM.

2. What is host plant resistance?

3. List out two beneficial insect pests.

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2. Short (Answer question)

1. Write down the principle of IPM.

2. List out two predators, parasites and pathogens.

3. Make a list of different pest control methods and describe any two of them.

4. Briefly describe about mechanism of resistance for controlling insect pest.

5. List out biological control agent with examples of each.

6. Describe the sterile insect technique method.

Contd…

3. Long (Answer question)

1. Describe the mechanical pest control method.

2. Describe the cultural pest control method.

��Thank-you