AP World �Unit 6 Review �1914 – Present �**Updated Curriculum dates are 1900 - Present

Priscilla Zenn

Allen Park High School

*Source: AP World History

An Essential Coursebook

Review

• At the turn of the century Britain in its heyday
• Tensions were building in Europe
• Clashed in post-Napoleonic era (Crimean War) but avoided conflict through balance of power (Congress of Vienna)
• European dominance of the globe increased competitiveness among the continent’s nations leading to two great wars that ended imperialist world order of the 19^th century
• Pace of change quickened significantly
• Dynamics radically different today than early in the 20^th century
• Three phases
• Crisis and Collapse of the Imperial Order
• Three Worlds
• Globalization

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The Big Picture

• Hegemony of Europe was broken by 1945
• Replaced w/competition between the superpowers
• Cold War world order ended in 1991 w/the collapse of the Soviet Union
• International organizations became more important
• By the early 21^st century new power arrangements may be supplanting the political division of the world into nation-states
• Nationalism continues to be important but new patterns evolve
• Exemplified in fascism, decolonization, racism, genocide, and the break up of the Soviet Union

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Crisis and Collapse of the Imperial Order

1914 -1945

Background

• Early 20^th C world order based on imperialism and the ability of the West to dominate
• Provocation led to WWI which didn’t resolve underlying issues
• By the end of WWII, the countries of western Europe were seriously weakened and the foundation of European imperialism had crumbled
• Most colonies were not lost until after 1945 but the impact of the wars and the Great Depression to Europe was so devastating that the US and the Soviets emerged as the world’s superpowers

WWI (1914 – 1918)

• Great War- first total war; govt’s mobilized virtually every person and natural resource available
• Nationalism bound civilians to the war – winning became a source of pride
• Technology allowed the war to take place on a vast scale
• 9 Million died; 21 million injured
• Damaged national economies on both sides with huge debts and rising inflation

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• Opened the way for the Soviets and the US to emerge as world powers

Underlying Causes of the War

• Long history of conflict in Europe
• Feelings of nationalism arose during Napoleonic Wars
• Congress of Vienna struck a balance, it was upset by the creation of new empires – specifically Germany
• Bismarck humiliated older powers
• Economic competition extended to the world stage as Germany joined the quest for new colonies in Africa and Asia

1. Rivalries Intensified by Nationalism

• Industrialized nations competing for markets
• Rivalry between Britain and Germany extremely intense
• Germany’s rapid industrialization brought its share of the world market way up and Britain’s dropped (the US largely responsible for Britain's drop)
• Overall British production began to slow making Germany a larger threat
• An expensive naval race heightened tensions; both developed huge navies

2. Colonial Disputes

• Nationalism inspired the scramble for empire
• Spread to virtually every corner of the globe coming into conflict with each other
• Britain and Russia disputed land claims in Persia and Afghanistan
• Britain and Germany over east and southwest Africa
• Germany had a late start due to later unification but aggressively challenged the French and English
• England and France agued so intensely in SE Asia that they created a buffer state, Siam, between Burma and French Indochina
• France and Germany almost went to war over Morocco
• Wars among the Balkan states created hostilities among Europeans

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3. Self-Determination

• Principle that people of w/common national identities have the right to form their own states
• Inspired many in Eastern Europe to fight for independence
• Ottomans were a multinational empire and many hoped to follow the example of Greece, Romania and Bulgaria and achieve independence
• In Austria Hungry many peoples had nationalist aspirations- created resistance to the Hapsburg rule
• Russia encouraged Pan-Slavism (cultural and ethnic kinship)

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4. Entangling Alliances�

• Great War sparked by assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serb nationalist
• Alliances, combined with a military build up, divided Europe into two hostile camps poised for war.
• Serb nationalist group, The Black Hand, claimed responsibility for assassination.
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia touching off agreements.
• Germany supported Austria-Hungary and Russia supported Serbia; one by one the countries took sides.

The Course of the War�Italy had allied w/Germany and Austria-Hungary but joined the Triple Entente (secret agreement)�

Triple Entente

Central Powers

• France
• Britain
• Russia
• Becomes known as the Allied Powers
• US and Japan join later (contribute to world-wide nature of war)

• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire

The Course of the War (cont)

• Two major fronts
• Western Front (German faced Brits and French) and Eastern Front (Germany and Austria-Hungary fought Russians)
• Eventually an Italian front developed
• Trench warfare; Western Front
• 1916 Germans lost 850,000 men
• French and English lost 1,100,000
• No real progress
• No Man’s Land –strewn with shells and body parts

The Course of the War (cont)

• Fighting in Eastern Front in Russia and spread to the Balkans
• Longer front than Western- Germany had to cover both
• Russians fought badly
• Heavy casualties and lack of leadership
• Overthrow of tsar
• US joined in 1917; fresh troops called doughboys

The War Outside Europe

• US saw this as a European war; sold goods to both sides but mainly pro-British.
• German submarine warfare brought the US in on the side of Britain and France
• US involved for 18 months
• No fighting in US/didn’t suffer nearly as much as European nations
• British dominions in Canada, Australia, New Zealand sent troops
• Skirmishes in Africa around the colonies
• African colonial troops sent to Western Front
• Indian troops fought (hoped their support would promote independence)

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The War Outside Europe (cont)

• Britain weakened the Ottomans by sponsoring an internal rebellion against the sultan’s forces
• Britain gained support from Jewish settlers in Palestine with the promise of a homeland (Balfour Declaration)
• Allied actions set in motion the drive for independence among Ottomans bringing about the final collapse when the Central Powers lost the war

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The Home Front

• Home front ran parallel to actual war
• War tended to strengthen central governments; coordination of resources
• Conscription
• Civilians had to give up personal needs
• War propaganda to ensure civilian support
• Inspired nationalism
• Wage and price controls
• Freedom of speech and press curtailed for national security
• Bad news from the war front was censored

The Home Front (cont)

• Women made important contribution filling traditional male jobs
• Farms
• Factories
• Postal employees
• Police officers
• Upper class women found it liberating to rely on themselves and not husbands/fathers
• Helped pressure legislatures to pass women’s suffrage measures
• Working class women didn’t see as much change – they’d always worked outside the home
• Wages did rise a bit but the gap between men and women never closed
• Voting rights in Britain 1918, Germany 1919, Austria 1919, US 1920

Mobilization of Troops

• Conscription – Required Registration/Enlistment for the military followed by a draft.

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• Australian New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC)

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Gurkhas

• Nepalese Soldiers
• Recruited from Rural Mountain Regions
• Military Group of highest prestige
• Extreme Training Methods
• Embraced a family Relationship
• Kukri
• Served British Army since 1800’s
• Most notably WW2 but also WW1

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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

1918 Flu Pandemic: �Depletes All Armies

20,000,000-

50,000,000 died

Page: 967

WW1 16 Million

The End of the War

• Russia
• After the revolution focus was restructuring Russian
• Signed Brest-Litovsk Treaty w/Germans
• Gave substantial territories in western Russia to Germany
• German forces occupied the new territory
• Took away Germany’s ability to address issues on the Western Front
• Entente powers had the advantage with fresh soldiers from the US
• Habsburg forces in Italy and the Balkans failed
• German Kaiser abdicated
• War of Attrition…Who could last the longest
• Central Powers surrendered in 1918

Post –War Diplomacy

• 1919 diplomats met at Versailles Palace
• None of the Central Powers represented (nor Russia)
• France, Britain, US most influential leaders
• Wilson wanted to make the “world safe for democracy” and have this be the “war to end all wars”
• Presented 14 Points
• Britain and France wanted to punish Germany
• France wanted revenge – huge losses due to much of the fighting in France
• Both wanted reparations and permanent weakening of German power
• Britain continued to blockade German ports and Allies threatened to renew the war if the Central Powers didn’t agree
• Agreement heavily punished Germany; created resentments and economic hardships that erupted later into a far larger war

The Versailles Treaty

War Guilt

Territorial Losses

• Placed sole blame on German aggression
• Germany had to pay reparations to compensate Allies (31 billion)
• Expensive and psychologically difficult for Germans

• Germany lost 13% of land
• France, Poland, Belgium, and Denmark gained
• Poland once again appears on the map; land from Russia and Germany
• German territories given as mandates to Britain, France, and Japan

The Versailles Treaty

Military Restrictions

League of Nations

• Size of army restricted
• No forces in the Rhineland (btwn Rhine River and French border)
• Forbidden to manufacture war materials/weapons/ subs/etc.
• Intent to prevent Germany from ever waging war

• Wilson proposed; saw as a forum to solve problems peacefully
• Was to consist of US, Britain, France, Italy, and Japan with a general assembly representing 42 Allied and neutral nations
• Germany and Russia not given representation

The Versailles Treaty

• A number of treaties signed
• Germany and other central powers penalized
• Bulgaria had to give up land and pay reparations
• Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire dismantled
• Russia punished (remember – they had fought on the Allies side), the tsar was overthrown and the Versailles powers did not trust Lenin
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was canceled and Russia ended up losing even more land space

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The Versailles Treaty (cont)

• The Allied powers didn’t simply seize lands, new nations rose under the principle of self-determination
• Poland, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
• Some inconsistencies with the way the borders were drawn – uneven mix

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The Mandate System

• Territories set up as trusteeships
• Many of the Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire and Germany’s former colonies
• Violated promises made to Arabs by France and Britain
• Jewish nationalists saw this as a violation of Balfour Declaration
• Turkey negotiated a new Turkish republic
• Rest of Ottoman empire divided up as mandates of League of Nations Iran and Saudi Arabia asserted control over their lands
• Result? A fragmented Middle East and a legacy of resentment toward the West

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Problems With the League of Nations

• Acceptance of the League was a ‘marker event’; signaled a new type of international organization
• Wilson saw the League as a power to avoid war
• Problems include:
• No power to enforce decisions
• Collective security meant that others were bound to supply aid
• Wilson tried to get support in the US; suffered a stroke and the US didn’t sign Versailles Treaty or join League
• Germany and Japan saw League as serving interests of the Allies and withdrew
• League unable to stop the onset of WWII and collapse but set the precedent for the UN

Age of Anxiety

• Because of the trauma from WW1, new discoveries in science, a global economic calamity, and the rise of fascist & communist states a sense of anxiety emerged throughout the globe. This anxiety existed and permeated throughout the world until WW2 began.

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• Thus the decades between 1920’s & 1930’s have been identified as an age of anxiety.

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Economic Instability and the Great Depression

• 1920’s generally seen as a time of prosperity but economic instability characterized the era
• Recovery post WWI was fragile
• Stock market crash in 1929 sparked a deep economic depression
• 1930’s: industrial production shrank, world trade dropped, unemployment rose
• Didn’t change until WWII began and war production increased

Causes of Great Depression

• Reparations & war debts/Rivalries

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• Dependence on U.S. loans & economic business

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• Poor Banking Management (Credit, buying-on-margin, unreasonable loans)

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• Stock market crashes, rise in unemployment, no one wants to spend money which companies to lay-off more workers

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• Increases on Tariffs & Protectionism (Autarky)

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• Industrial & Farming surpluses leading to deflation (really bad for colonies & single export states, Latin America).

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Political Reactions to Economic Woes

• Adam Smith promoted the “invisible hand”
• Laissez-faire approach; govts should stand aside and forces will regulate economy
• Great Depression challenged this idea and FDR turned to John Maynard Keynes
• Government should do the spending
• New Deal programs
• Massive government spending

Other alternatives

• New forms of government to resurrect state and economy
• Communism
• Fascism

Usually led to a Totalitarian Government

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• Grass-Roots Movements in Colonies
• India, Majority of African Colonies, & Vietnam

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• Import Substitution
• Numerous Latin American States

The New York Stock Market Crash and the “Great Depression” (cont)

• Countries not dependent on foreign trade felt less of the effects of the depression
• In Russia industrial production increased steadily
• In China the large agriculture based economy was protected; its markets were domestic
• Many governments reacted by practicing economic nationalism; high tariffs, import quotas and prohibition provoking retaliation from others.

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Fascism & Totalitarian Rulers

Fascism-

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism

Authoritarianism

Hyper-Nationalism

Militarism

Preserved Social Class Hierarchy

(Usually of a traditional pattern)

The Rise of Fascism

• Soviet people endured the repressive, terrorist tactics of Stalin’s govt
• Govt collectivized agriculture; consolidated small farms into commonly owned fields
• Kulaks, prosperous peasants, could lose their farms and opposed collectivization
• Kulaks slaughtered their livestock rather and give in to govt
• Stalin order the liquidation of the kulaks
• Millions arrested or sent to labor camps and executed
• Stalin's secret police force the NKVD took care of any further resistance
• Millions sent to death or to gulags

The Rise of Fascism (cont)

• Changes in Russia frightened Europeans/Americans
• Fear that the communist elements would take over other countries
• Great Depression and uncertainty -communism and the apparent collapse of the free market – made many turn to fascism
• Extreme form of nationalism
• Subordinate your will to the state
• Promised full employment
• Stop communism
• Conquer new territory
• Condemned communism for abolishing private property but used totalitarian tactics along with a powerful secret police

Ancient Roman symbol of power

The Rise of Fascism (cont)

• Mussolini gained control 1922; established a one-party dictatorship
• Controlled govt, press, education
• Il Duce (the leader)
• Mass communication; oratory talent
• 1930’s – fascist movements across Europe, Americas, China, Japan
• People feared rapid change and economic insecurity; placed hopes in charismatic leaders and their promises
• Most notorious – Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler

The Rise of Fascism (cont)

• Nazi leaders wanted to reverse Germany’s humiliating defeat
• Hitler abolished Weimar Republic
• Expanded arms production
• Created new jobs
• Germans racially superior; Aryans
• Nazism appealed to lower-middle class who had lost almost everything
• Subject will to govt to achieve greatness
• Rigid hierarchy reinforced traditional roles of women
• Launched campaign to increase birth rates; birth control ended – awards for large families
• Discriminated against Jews
• No inter-marriage; lost jobs and businesses
• 1938 thousands of Jewish stores, synagogues destroyed and 100+ murdered – many left Germany

The Rise of Fascism (cont)

• Japan
• More authoritarian
• Worked to stave off effects of Great Depression
• Military group advocated a defense state
• Marched into Manchuria
• Killed prime minister
• 1937 Japan aggressively attacking other areas of Asia
• The Nanking Massacre
• Japanese invaded Chinese capital
• Brutal mass killings
• Systematic arson, torture, and rape
• Nanking Safety Zone
• American and European residents created in center of city as a refuge

Revolutions in Physics & Psychology

• Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
• Time & Space are relative to the person measuring them
• Creates paradoxes

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• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
• Can’t guarantee the constant position and velocity of subatomic particles

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• Both of these take ideas that established constants and shows that they are “not always” consistent
• Everything thus be in theory and makes us question the way we interpret the universe.

Lost Generation

• Term used to describe pessimism of U.S. and European Thinkers after the war.

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• Disillusionment of western culture, science, democracy

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• Shown Through Culture:
• Bauhaus –Functional/Engineering/Art
• DaDa
• Le Fauves, Expressionists, Cubists, Dadaists, surrealists
• Abolish the sovereignty of appearance
• Used abstract color and shape to feelings, thought, & the subconscious
• Art became subjective, no-longer good or bad.

Use the

Rubric in

your Binder

First Always, Always, Always….

• Identify what the question is asking you!

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• Based on the following documents analyze the responses to Buddhism.

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• Using the documents, analyze Han and Roman attitudes towards technology.

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• Using the following documents analyze the causes and consequences of the Green Revolution

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Read All of the documents

• Subject, occasion, Audience, Purpose, Source, Tone…. Other patterns noticed.

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• “Mark up the documents”

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• Read 1st time, read and mark up 2^nd time, read and mark up 3^rd time.

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• 4^th Time look for patterns THAT ADDRESS THE PROMPT (Groups)

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Thesis

• How do you interpret the evidence reflected in the documents…how do they add up.

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• Thesis should:
• Provide context (Use Historical Background)
• Answer the question
• Identify your groups (These are the answer to the question)

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• Read ALL of the documents before creating your thesis
• Be specific (Avoid Too Vague)
• ANSWER THE PROMPT!!!!!!!!!!!!

Essay Structure

Thesis Paragraph

-Context, Thesis/Roadmap

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Body Paragraphs – organized by groups (Groups are answers to prompt)

-Topic Sentence identifies group

-Identify documents.

-Provide evidence from documents that supports your group as an answer to the prompt

-Add P.O.V. and Additional Document when appropriate.

-Conclusion Statement that identifies the group

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Conclusion Paragraph

Identify what the Essay Prompt is asking you to do

Using the following documents, analyze the causes and consequences of the Green Revolution in the period from 1945 to the present. Identify and explain one additional type of document and explain how it would help your analysis of the Green Revolution.

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2014

Using the following documents, analyze the relationship between Chinese peasants and the Chinese Communist Party between circa 1925 and circa 1950. Identify one

additional type of document and explain how it would help you assess the relationship between Chinese peasants and the Chinese Communist Party.

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2014 International DBQ

Analyze similarities and differences in land reforms resulting from the Mexican and Russian Revolutions. Identify an additional type of document and briefly explain how it would contribute to your analysis of land reform in Mexico and Russia

2013

Analyze connections between regional issues and European struggles for global power in the mid-eighteenth century. Identify an additional type of document and explain how it would help your analysis of these connections.

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2012

Using the following documents, analyze the relationship between cricket and politics in South Asia from 1880 to 2005. Identify an additional type of document and briefly

explain how it would help analyze the relationship between cricket and politics.

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2010

Using the following documents, analyze similarities and differences in the mechanization of the cotton industry in Japan and India in the period from the 1880s to the 1930s. Identify an additional type of document and explain how it would help your analysis of the mechanization of the cotton industry.

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2009

Using the documents, analyze African actions and reactions in response to the European Scramble for Africa. Identify an additional type of document and explain how it would help in assessing African actions and reactions.

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2008

Based on the following documents, analyze factors that shaped the modern Olympic movement from 1892 to 2002. Identify and explain what additional type of

document(s) or sources would help you assess these factors.

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2007

Based on the following documents, analyze factors that shaped the modern Olympic movement from 1892 to 2002. Identify and explain what additional type of

document(s) or sources would help you assess these factors.

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Body Paragraph Structure

Topic Sentence

(what characteristic do these doc’s share, and how does that support the thesis?) Identify what documents will be in that paragraph.

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Evidence/Analysis/P.O.V. Doc #1

-Using the document. What content (not quotes) from doc#1 supports

this paragraph/group?

-Analysis (how/why does that specific content make this document

relevant to your group)

- P.O.V. (Any context necessary needed for stronger analysis)

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Repeat for all documents in group then….

*How do these doc’s relate/compare to each other. (The fullest understanding of any particular document emerges only when that document is viewed within the wider context of all the documents.)

Additional Doc

Example #1

Members of the Han Dynasty understood that technology was necessary for the growth of their civilization and as a result promoted it’s proper use, as shown in documents 1,2,3, & 4. As shown in Document #1 a Han government official is organizing the use of technology to aid in water-control. This highlights the Dynasty’s promotion of Dikes, Canals and other water-control technology since government agents are traveling the empire to organize the most effective way for it’s citizens to manage the rivers.

Example #2

Members of the Han Dynasty understood that technology was necessary for the growth of their civilization and as a result promoted it’s proper use as shown in Documents 1,2,3, &4. The government clearly saw the value of water-controlling technology since it would protect the lives of it’s citizens and increase the states economic output. It was of enough importance to the state that government would send out officials such as the one mentioned in Document 1 to promote and organize the use of technology.

• 1. Describe the kind of information you’d like to see in an additional document.

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• 2. Explain of how that information would help a historian answer the question more completely. (“…because it would help” is not an acceptable answer.) What would you do with such information? What conclusion could you make with “Information x” that you can’t make now?

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Additional Document

“Historians could better [make what conclusion?] if a document from a [type of source] that dealt with [subject matter] existed.”

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Or

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“In order to [describe what conclusion you’d like to be able to draw] historians would need a [kind of document] showing [describe what kind of information desired].”

So as you read and interpret each document, what clues are there that any particular document means anything other than the literal words on the paper? Are there any reasons why although a document says “x” it should be interpreted as meaning something more, less, or different?

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All the intangible circumstances surrounding a document that influence how one should interpret that document comprise what is called the “Context.”

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Who, When, Audience, Why, Tone/Voice

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If you use Bias

• What are they biased about? (Everything?)

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• Bias can’t be right or wrong…..SO are they in favor or against a particular issue.

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• How much bias? (Slightly or Strongly?)

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• WHY (Most important….often requires historical knowledge to explain)

The Russian Revolution and the Creation of the Union of Soviet Republics (cont)

• All didn’t support Lenin’s assertion of power
• Britain, France, US, Japan sent troops to defeat communist threat
• Internal resistance
• Land redistribution plan and nationalization of industry sparked protests; created more opposition
• Civil war waged; Red Army led by Leon Trotsky, regained stability
• Lenin promoted people from humble backgrounds; the new recruits believed in his vision
• New Economic Policy
• Small business owners and peasants retention of rights and freedoms
• State set economic policies
• Economy responded; food and production improved
• Lenin’s democratic centralism was in place and each soviet socialist republic was set up to recognize the different minorities
• Central govt controlled by Russians; Communist party established an authoritarian system

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The Russian Revolution and the Creation of the Union of Soviet Republics (cont)

• Lenin died without leaving a clear path to leadership
• Stalin comes to power
• Focused on “socialism in one country”
• Policies emphasizing industrialization
• Strengthening agriculture
• Russia remained isolated for most of 1030’s

Japan’s Political Reactions to Economic Woes

• At first passive, then Japan’s govt intervened forcefully
• Programs to build public works
• Incentives and subsidies
• Devaluation of the currency
• Wage control
• These measures stimulated the economy
• In Germany, Hitler intervened aggressively
• Large pubic works projects

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China’s Struggle for Stability

• Sun Yat-sen led the Revolution of 1911
• Hoped to establish republican form of govt
• China’s regional generals – the warlords – continued to struggle for power
• Decision at Versailles insulted educated Chinese; German lands given as enclaves to Japan were Chinese lands
• People looked for other answers
• Sun’s party, Guamindang (Nationalist People’s Party) admired Lenin
• Invited Soviet advisors to organize the country
• Also welcomed Chinese Community Party members into his party

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China’s Struggle for Stability (cont)

• After Sun dies the party leadership fell to Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
• Less accommodating to the Communists
• Wanted to crush regional warlords – then turned on Communists
• Early 1930’s established a dictatorship without a lot of strength
• Mao Zedong became more popular, especially after the Long March
• Chiang had to turn his attention to the invading Japanese and the decision of who would rule China had to wait until after WWII

Possible Ideas

• Indian Nationalism and the desire for a sovereign Hindi & Muslim Nation
• Gandhi
• India Act
• Chinese Civil War
• Mukden Incident
• Sun Yat-Sen & Yuan Shikai
• Attack on Nanking (Be politically correct here)
• The Long March
• Great Depression (cannot focus on the U.S.)
• African colonization-Lack of infra-structure
• Africa’s new elite, etc.
• Pan-Africanism Marcus Garvey
• Good-Neighbor Policy
• Dollar Diplomacy
• Yankee Imperialism
• Cardenas and nationalizing oil

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How does the globe react to the Treaty of Versailles & the Age of Anxiety

• A.) East Asia & South Asia/Russia

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• B.) South Asia/Russia & Africa

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• C.) Africa & Latin America

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• D.) Latin America & East Asia

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Create 2 Political Cartoons

Create a political cartoon that reflect a topic from each of your regions.

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-Each political cartoon must have an identified author that is not you(Include a possible source from that time period)

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-Must have a colored image that is a social commentary on your topics. (Include title)

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-At the bottom of the page briefly explain what is going on in the image and analyze why your author would have this point-of-view

World War II

• Tensions of WWI never fully resolved
• Japanese expansion sparked conflicts
• Fascist movements in Europe encouraged military aggression
• Germany withdrew from the League of Nations
• Mussolini attacked Ethiopia
• Fascism gained support in Spain and triggered a civil war

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The Onset of War

• Hitler invaded Sudetenland
• Munich Conference had weak response and agreed on appeasement policy
• Hitler kept going and captured Czechoslovakia
• Britain and France declared war on Germany
• Germany and Italy in Rome-Berlin axis; rest of Europe would revolve around this central pact

The Onset of War (cont)

• Japan and China already engaged in fighting when war in Europe began
• Japan began attacking other areas in Asia when war in Europe broke out
• 1940 – Germany, Italy, Japan signed Tripartite Pact; strongest of the Axis Powers
• Spreads the war into two major theatres; Pacific and Europe
• In WWI there were distinct fronts, much broader in WWII
• Britain and France still feeling effects of WWI, had to build defenses
• Took until 1942 and 1943 to stop early German and Japanese successes

The Nature of War

• Total War
• Mobilization extensive and required govt control of natural and labor resources
• Destructive technologies from WWI plus airplanes, rocketry, and the atomic bomb
• Blurred lines regarding military and civilians; all subject to destruction

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The Nature of War (cont)

• Holocaust
• Mass extermination of targeted peoples
• Final solution
• Asphyxiation
• Medical experiments
• Camps
• 6 million Jews exterminated along with anyone who threatened the purity of the Aryan race
• Gypsies
• Homosexuals
• Polish Catholics
• Mentally and physically disabled

European Theatre

Phase 1 - Poland & Phony War

Phase 2 - France then Battle of Britain

Phase 3 - USSR Operation Barbarossa

Phase 4 - North Africa & Italy

Phase 5 - Operation Overlord (D-Day/Second Front)

Phase 6 - Closing the Ring/Race to Berlin

Pacific Theatre

Phase 1 - Japan and China

Phase 2 - Japan invasion of French Indochina

Phase 3 - Pearl Harbor and Rapid Imperial Expansion

Phase 4 - Halting Japanese expansion (Midway)

Phase 5 - Cutting off Japan

Phase 6 - Island Hopping

Phase 7 - Firebombing & Dropping the Atomic Bomb in Japan

War in Europe and North Africa

• Germans took advantage of new technology: blitzkrieg
• Fighter planes scattered enemy troops and disrupted communications
• Tanks rolled over enemy defense lines
• Infantry invaded and occupied lands
• Poland, Austria, Norway, Denmark, Belgium all surrendered; France collapsed
• In France – German controlled & Vichy
• French Resistance staged guerilla attacks
• Britain stood alone resisting Germany until 1941; Russia and US joined

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Steps for DBQ P.O.V.

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1. State specifically who created the image.

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• What is their Point-of-View.

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• Why do they have this Point-of-View. Using specific historical information.

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• What evidence in the picture shows this Point of View. (How can you see this point-of-view in the image)*

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AVOID

-This cartoon could represent the Point of View of practically anyone who thought British Imperialism was poor.

-This cartoon was created by a member of the Muslim League, Indian National Congress, Woodrow WIlson, Ethnic Indian living in India

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-This cartoon was created by a Chinese Communist which makes sense because it is negative against Guomindang……(Why what is shown in the picture to verify this?)

This cartoon was created by a Chinese Communist who viewed the Guomindang negatively since they attacked the Communist political party and forced them into exile during the Long March……

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Describing the picture does not “DIRECTLY” explain the authors Point-of-View. It is not the graders job to infer your analysis of point-of-view

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War in Europe and North Africa (cont)

• Britain’s geography helped protect it
• Winston Churchill Prime Minister
• German Luftwaffe launched massive air attack
• Battle of Britain
• British Royal Air Force counterattacked German planes
• Hitler turned eastward to Russia (had signed non-aggression pact)
• Brought Russia in on the side of the Allies
• Hitler conquering but then winter set in
• Allies defeated Hitler at Stalingrad first major Allied victory
• US joined the war
• Strategy w/Britain to strike from N. Africa was successful

The War in Asia and the Pacific

• France fell; Britain trying to protect its territories
• Japan saw their opportunity to seize European colonies in SE Asia
• Britain and US stopped shipments of steel and oil to Japan
• US insisted Japan give up newly acquired territories
• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
• US declared war on Japan; had to rebuild fleet
• US stopped Japan in battle in the Coral Sea (1942)
• Battle Of Midway; US gaining momentum and began island hopping campaign

The End of the War

• 1942: Battle of Stalingrad was a major turning point
• 1943: Russian army began pushing Germans westward
• Invasions across Mediterranean Sea and across the English Channel
• Italy signed armistice 1943
• Allies D-day 1944
• Allies advanced on Belgium; defeated Germany at Battle of the Bulge
• US and France marched east across Germany; Russia marched west and met at the Elbe River.
• 1945 Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered

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The End of the War (cont)

• War in the Pacific continued
• US dropped atomic bomb Hiroshima
• 200,000 + die
• Japan refuses to surrender
• US dropped bomb on Nagasaki
• Emperor Hirohito orders surrender
• WWII marked end of European domination
• Most widespread, deadliest war
• Mid 20^th century – interdependence greater than ever
• US and Soviet Union emerged to compete for control of technological knowledge and assert power over the world

The Atomic Bomb Controversy

Pros

Cons

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• Early Use of bomb has prevented later use
• ​
• Soviet Intimidation-Potsdam
• ​
• In theory invasion of Japan would have massive casualties
• ​
• Needed to use two bombs effectively
• ​
• Extreme resistance demonstrated during Island battles, Kamikaze Attacks, & no discernible political effect after fire bombing Tokyo.
• ​

• Continue firebombing
• ​
• Japanese lives were sacrificed for Cold War politics
• ​
• Cities had limited military value but high populations
• ​
• Used to justify its expensive development
• ​
• Not enough time between Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• ​
• Demonstration of Bomb
• ​
• Surrender would have happened, 60 cities destroyed, Japan blockaded, and U.S.S.R. involvement in Manchuria

Overview

• WWII – marker event; changed world order
• Old imperialist order collapsed as colonies gained independence
• Colonial imperialism disappeared but political, economic, and social imperialism continued
• World divided; haves and have nots
• Global struggle for power divided world in three
• Friends of US – First World
• Friends of Soviet Union – Second World
• Supporters of both – Third World
• New international organizations formed moving away from a world organized exclusively into nation-states
• New emphasis on
• Quality of life
• Realization of individual rights for minorities and women
• Improvement of the environment

Cold War Politics

• Stalin sees US and Britain as essential, but not trusted
• As the defeat of Germany and Japan drew near, divisiveness became clear
• Each side vied to contain the power of the other

Allied Conferences during WWII

• Allied powers could hold formal and informal meetings during the war as a result of improved communication and transportation
• Three conferences illustrate the growing tension
• Tehran Conference (1943)
• Soviets encouraged the west to open a new front in France (D-Day invasion)
• US/Brits involved in France – Soviets free to occupy eastern Europe and pushed German armies back (Stalin wishes for Soviet Buffer state)
• US asserted its support of self-determination for these small nations
• Stalin promised to eventually aid in Pacific
• Happy and positive atmosphere & interactions

Allied Conferences during WWII (cont)

• Yalta Conference (February 1945)
• Allied powers couldn’t agree on how to handle Germany
• Divided into four occupation zones: France, US, Britain, Soviets
• Self-Determination of conquered states remains an issue
• Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe and to join in the Japanese conflict (in exchange for previously lost land)
• Soviets wanted to eliminate German industrial power
• US and Britain don’t agree; Germany might be their ally in the future against Russia
• Discussions were less friendly

than in Tehran

Allied Conferences during WWII (cont)

• Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
• War in Europe over; still going on in Pacific
• Communist regimes in Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, thanks to the Russians
• Dismantled Germany-4 zones
• Germany would pay minor war reparations with assistance from allies
• Churchill and Truman met with Stalin to protest; Stalin refused to honor promises made at Yalta (Free elections)
• Terms of Japanese surrender agreed upon, but not fate of Eastern Europe
• Truman shared info about atomic bomb w/Britain but not Russia
• Germany not a threat, differences between the Allies apparent...beginning of Cold War

​

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Allied Conferences during WWII (cont)

• Rising hostility between US and Russia
• No peace treaty signed with Germany
• Germany divided into East and West
• West Germany supported by US
• East Germany supported by Soviet Union
• Similar divisions in Asia
• US occupied Japan
• Korea divided (US and Soviets)
• Communist and Noncommunist divided Korea at 38^th parallel

Nuremberg Trial & Reaction to War Crimes

Firebombing - Tokyo & Dresden

Holocaust - Genocide at a recorded level and scale never before seen

Bataan Death March - 75,000 P.O.W.s Dangerous 65 Mile Journey

Japanese Internment Camps

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Nuremberg Trials

-Milestone towards the establishment of an International Court

-No precedent to go off of….uncharted territory

-American/British/French/Soviet Joint-Representation on the judges panel

-185 indicted, 12 death penalties, 77 Prison sentences

-London Charter of International Military Tribunal used to create Structure of International Criminals Court, United Nations Genocide Convention, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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The United Nations and Cold War Politics

• FDR and Churchill signed Atlantic charter before US entered WWII
• Supported establishment of a peacekeeping world organization after the war
• United Nations Charter ratified 1945 after WWII ended
• General Assembly, Security Council, Economic & Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat
• General Assembly – representatives from all member states; votes on non-security issues. ⅔ Majority rules (more flexible than League of Nations)
• Universal Declaration of Human RIghts
• Security Council – major Allied powers
• Charged with keeping world peace-Blockades & Combat
• Five permanent members; ALL have to approve any action UN would take -
• Britain, China, France, Soviet Union, US: Must provide military support
• Peace Keepers in Iran, Balkans, Middle - East, Korea, Congo

The United Nations and Cold War Politics (cont)

• Cold War politics rendered Security Council helpless
• US and Soviets on opposite sides of issues
• Britain and France at odds as they lost control of colonies
• China’s communist takeover led to a rejection of their governments legitimacy until 1972
• Security Council condemned communist North Korea when it invaded South Korea (Soviets absent)
• UN sent troops to defend South Korea
• Korean War lasted until 1953
• Illustrated that real forces were nation-states (not UN)
• US ally of South Korea
• People’s Republic of China supported the North

Comparing the Two World Wars

Similarities:

-Alliance Systems

-Crimes Against Humanity

-Militarization & Mobilization

-Total War, Civilian impact, Homefront

-Influence on Colonies

-Increased opportunities for females

-United governing bodies created*

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Differences:

-Different War Tactics (Blitzkrieg vs. Trench Warfare)

-Two Front Static War vs. Multiple Theatres of War

-More advanced weaponry and warfare technology

-WW2 impacted more people and more countries for a longer period of time

-Greater level of joint-resolution at the end of WW2 and more support for self-determination the decade after the War

Stage is Set for Future Conflict & Change

…….COLD WAR WORLD: PART 2 of Period 6

-Balfour & Israel

-Decolonization & Self-Determination

-States Ripe for Change

-Two New Superpowers

-Global Organizations

-New Technology/Types of Warfare

Big Themes of the Cold War

U.S.S.R. vs U.S.A.

-NATO & Warsaw Pact

-Marshal Plan vs. COMECON

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Nuclear Technology

-Ballistic Missiles

- Arms Race

-Space Race

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Containment & Proxy Wars

-Truman Doctrine

-Korean War

-Vietnam

-China

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Ideological Warfare

U.S.A. vs U.S.S.R.

​

• Democratic Regime vs.

Authoritarian Communist Governments

​

• Capitalist Market Economy vs.

Socialist Government Aid & Equal-Equity Economy

​

• Promotion of competition, private business, Trade, and materialism vs.

Promotion of Industrial manufacturing & government enhanced markets

​

• Practiced social inequality vs.

Practice Social equality (Roles/Abilities of Women & Minorities)

​

Towards the end of the Cold War Superpower hegemony was not consistent

​

Ideological Warfare

U.S.A. vs U.S.S.R.

​

• Democratic Government vs.

Authoritarian Communist Regimes

​

• Capitalist Free Market Economy vs.

Socialist Government monitored Economy

​

• Promotion of Consumer goods and Free Trade vs.

Promotion of Industrial manufacturing & controlled market

​

• Practiced social inequality vs.

Practice Social equality (Roles/Abilities of Women & Minorities)

​

Towards the end of the Cold War Superpower hegemony was not consistent

​

Alliances

3 Worlds - Dictated by two global superpowers

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First World- Democratic/Capitalist Allies of the U.S.A. (Western Europe & Japan)

NATO

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Second World - Communist/Socialist Allies of the U.S.S.R. (China For a while, North Korea) Warsaw Pact

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Third World - All of the nations who were not directly linked to the U.S.A. or U.S.S.R. Could be nations that choose to remain neutral or recently formed/independent nations that had not yet solidified their decision to be Democratic Capitalists

​

​

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Technological Race

U.S.A. had a clear lead in this race immediately after WW2 and then were surpassed by the U.S.S.R. Eventually United States regains the lead in this conflict.

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Weapons:

Atomic Bombs -> Hydrogen Bomb ->ICBM

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Stock-Piling

Enough Weapons to destroy the world thousands of times over.

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Space Race

-Satellites/Spying/Advantage in Offensive & Defensive strategies

-National Pride

-Non-Violent Conflict (similar to sports)

Proxy Wars

U.S.A. & Soviets worked to spread their countries practices but could practice direct warfare because it could lead to the end of the world.

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Indirect warfare and Proxy wars became new method of resolving/increasing conflict. Superpowers would send support but never directly fight each other

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Truman Doctrine works to “contain” the spread of Communism

-Brezhnev Doctrine promotes similar idea for Soviet Agenda

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Cold War began in Europe & Berlin:

-Marshal Plan-Comecon

-Berlin Airlift & Eventual Berlin Wall

-Creation of Satellite Nations & the Iron Curtain

-Greece & Turkey

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Cold War then passed over to Asia

-Communists victorious in China

-Korean War

-Vietnam War & War in Afghanistan

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Cold War eventually begins global affair impacting all regions of the world

-Latin America

-North Africa

Appropriate Structure

Term Map Subject = COLD WAR

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Sub Topics:

Decades

SPICE Themes

Eras

Geographic Regions

Types of conflict

WORLDS (First, Second, Third)

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Connect Specific Terms to subtopics (terms can be indirectly connected to subtopics)

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Connect interrelated terms together regardless of sub-topic

Minnesota Sports Franchises

Amazing & Successful @ the Moment

Hopeless and a gigantic pit of despair

Possible Bright Future

Timberwolves

Lynx

Wild

Vikings

Minnesota United Football Club

Twins

Andrew Wiggins

Teddy Bridgewater

Young Promising Players

National Championships

Jason Zucker

Byron Buxton

Miguel Sano

Monumental Postseason Failures

Twins 30 & Under

Twins 35 & Older

Torii Hunter

Minnesota Sports Franchises

Amazing & Successful @ the Moment

Hopeless and a gigantic pit of despair

Possible Bright Future

Timberwolves

Lynx

Wild

Vikings

Minnesota United Football Club

Twins

Andrew Wiggins

Teddy Bridgewater

Young Promising Players

National Championships

Jason Zucker

Byron Buxton

Miguel Sano

Monumental Postseason Failures

Twins 30 & Under

Twins 35 & Older

Torii Hunter

Minnesota Sports Franchises

Amazing & Successful @ the Moment

Hopeless and a gigantic pit of despair

Possible Bright Future

Timberwolves

Lynx

Wild

Vikings

Minnesota United Football Club

Twins

Andrew Wiggins

Teddy Bridgewater

Young Promising Players

National Championships

Jason Zucker

Byron Buxton

Miguel Sano

Monumental Postseason Failures

Twins 30 & Under

Twins 35 & Older

Torii Hunter

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

11 & 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

Former Gophers

Lindsay Whalen

Thomas Vanek

27

28

29

30

Basic vs. Mastery

Basic:

Joseph Stalin- Premier of the Soviet Union

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Mastery Definition/Description:

Joseph Stalin - Premier and autocratic dictator of the U.S.S.R. Rose to power after the death of Vladimir Lenin and the forced exile of Leon Trotsky. Transformed the Soviet Union into a powerful industrial/military state through practices of collectivization and Five-Year Plans.

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Mastery Significance:

Joseph Stalin - Autocratic soviet dictator who transformed Russia into a global superpower through collectivization, Five-Year Plans, and political purges. His frustration with the other allied powers gradual invasion in Europe during WW2 led to tensions that began the Cold War at the Yalta and Potsdam Peace Conference. His practices of creating soviet satellite buffer states and Nuclear proliferation accelerated hostilities at the beginning of the Cold War.

The Emergence of the Super Powers

• Britain’s pre-eminent role declined as tensions built between US and Soviets
• Roosevelt died; Churchill/Roosevelt partnership ended
• Churchill lost position as PM for awhile; after he regained it attention turned to domestic affairs
• Truman Doctrine
• US supports free peoples who are resisting subjugation
• Truman asks Congress for legislation in support of the fight against communism in Turkey and Greece
• US replaced Britain as the protector of western values and authority

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The Emergence of the Super Powers (cont)

• US response to Soviet power plays
• Marshall Plan
• Provided loans to aid nations of western Europe to rebuild after the war
• Soviets saw this as US trying to dominate Europe economically
• Lines btwn east and west began to be drawn in the sand
• Soviets felt that they were recovering lands taken at Versailles

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The Emergence of the Super Powers (cont)

• Germany the early focus of Cold War
• Soviets believed that seizing German goods and factories were reparations
• Western Allies prevented Russia from intervening in their zones and helped Germany rebuild
• 1947: Soviets blockaded Berlin
• US responded with massive airlift
• 1948: two Germanies separated by fortifications
• 1961: Berlin Wall built to prevent citizens from fleeing
• Cold War divisions spread
• NATO grouped western European countries, Canada, and US
• Warsaw Pact organized by Soviets to counter NATO
• Tensions higher when Soviets developed atomic bomb
• Arms race lasted until the 1980s

Limited War

• Superpowers had ability to launch global warfare but faced one another in clashes limited to the regions where they broke out
• Threat of WWIII hung over all
• Each crisis contained seeds of nuclear war with side ‘rattling their sabers’
• Stepping to the brink of nuclear war then retreating
• US feared launching attacks into China would bring retaliation from USSR
• War bogged down at the border; 38^th parallel separated the countries
• Truce signed 1953

Limited War (cont)

• Vietnam: Long-lasting limited war
• Ho Chi Minh led nationalist rebellion against the French
• Defeated French and established communist regime in the north
• Eisenhower funded govt in the south
• Kennedy sent forces to counter increasing guerrilla activity
• Johnson escalated the war in order to bring a successful conclusion
• 365,000 troops engaged but unable to defeat Viet Cong (Ho’s supporters)
• Antiwar movement in US grew
• Treaty in 1973
• Communist troops violated and captured Saigon in 1975 reunited the two parts of Vietnam into a communist state

The Nuclear Arms Race

• Soviets exploded atomic bomb -1949
• US developed a hydrogen bomb - tested 1952
• Soviets revealed their own – 1953
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Soviets sent missiles to Cuba
• Kennedy prepared to invade Cuba
• Khrushchev withdrew the missiles from Cuba
• US removed missiles from Turkey

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The Nuclear Arms Race (cont)

• Series of arms limitation treaties
• Britain, US, Soviets ban testing of nuclear weapons in atmosphere, space, underwater to limit radioactive fallout (1963)
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)
• Limited development of nuclear weapons
• Signed by 137 countries
• Helsinki Accords
• Western nations recognized Soviet dictated boundaries of eastern European countries
• Race for space highly competitive
• Sputnik
• Space race for the moon

The Rise of Communist China

• Containment
• US policy to prevent spread of communism not successful in China
• Japan had occupied China WWII
• Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong met in civil war
• Communist forces (Mao Zedong) drove Chinese Nationalist forces out of mainland China (Chiang Kai-shek)
• Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan; claims his was true govt of China
• Mao established People’s Republic of China
• Two Chinas, PRC not recognized by UN until 1972

Rule by Mao Zedong

• PRC two phases
• 1. Soviet model
• Soviet Union provided money and expertise; China could address most glaring social problems
• Land reform
• Civil reform
• Opium addiction
• Enhance women’s rights and free themselves from arranged marriages
• Helped legitimize Mao’s government
• Five Year Plans
• Nationalize industry and collectivize agriculture; first steps toward socialism

Rule by Mao Zedong (cont)

• PRC two phases
• 2. Great Leap Forward
• Mao wanted to free China of Soviet influence
• Utopian effort to create an egalitarian society
• Four principles
• All-around development; industry AND farming
• Mass mobilization – turn population into an asset with jobs
• Political unanimity and zeal –party workers run the govt and demonstrate devotion by spurring others to work hard
• Decentralization – more control to local levels; the people can do it!

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Rule by Mao Zedong (cont)

• Great Leap Forward
• Efforts ran counter to political culture in China (centralized)
• People lacked skills to contribute to industrialization
• Bad harvests conjured fears of loss of mandate of heaven
• Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping tried market-oriented policies but Mao still unhappy
• Cultural Revolution
• Encompassed political, social, and economic change
• Goal – purify the party and country through radical transformation

Rule by Mao Zedong (cont)

• Cultural Revolution (1966)
• Remove all vestiges of old China
• Scholars sent to fields to work
• Universities and libraries destroyed
• Limit education to reading and writing for all; higher ed promotes inequality

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• Mao died 1976 leaving his followers divided
• Radicals; the ‘Gang of Four’ supported the Cultural Revolution
• Military - powerful group
• Moderates – emphasized economic moderation

Reforms under Deng Xiaoping

• Xiaoping emerged as new leader and alters China’s direction (1978)
• Open door trade policy encouraged trade with everyone to boost economy
• Reforms in education called for higher standards and expansion of higher education
• Institutionalization of the revolution – legal system and bureaucracy of Old China restored; govt decentralized, elections modified, capitalism infused

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The Indian Independence Struggle

• British leaders promised Indian nationalists if they supported the war effort (WWI), India would move toward self-government
• Government of India Act 1919
• Indian National Congress and Muslim League approved
• Transferred powers over agriculture, public works, education local self-govt, and to the provincial level
• Britain waffled between treating India as a budding democracy or a colony

The Indian Independence Struggle (cont)

• Leaders of independence movement expected Wilson’s principle of self-determination to be applied to them
• Britain did not support freedom of the press and assembly
• Independence rallies were met with repressive control
• Gandhi voice for independence; Mahatma/great soul
• English educated lawyer
• Showed sympathy for the poor; homespun cloth
• Gandhi’s ideals symbolized by spinning wheel
• Passive resistance
• Civil disobedience
• Salt March

The Indian Independence Struggle (cont)

• Rift between Muslims and Hindus
• Gandhi fasted for 21 days to promote unity
• Walked through violence torn areas to advocate peace
• Muslims associated independence movement with Hinduism; concerns about fair treatment for Muslims
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Leader of Muslim League
• Led movement for separate Pakistan post WWII
• Jawaharlal Nehru
• Gandhi’s successor
• Supported creation of a modern industrial India; Gandhi disagreed with this plan
• Start of WWII
• Plants to manufacture iron, steel, cement, paper, cotton, etc; protected by high tariff barriers

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The Indian Independence Struggle (cont)

• India granted independence when WWII ended
• Disagreements between Hindus and Muslims
• 1947 agreement to partition India
• Chaotic transition; 12,000,000 left ancestral homes, 500,000 dead – including Gandhi
• Hindus in Pakistan moved to avoid attacks and Muslims in India became refugees as they escaped Hindus
• Kashmir remained a powerful Muslim state in India
• Local maharajah Hindu
• State control rivers that irrigated Indian farms
• Contributed to continued unrest; Muslims preferred to join Pakistan

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Comparison: 20^th C Nationalism in China and India

Decolonization in SE Asia

• Burma independence – 1947
• Ceylon independence – 1948
• Malaysia independence – 1963
• French pulled out of SE Asia- devastation from WWII made holding onto colonies economically impossible
• French Indochina becomes Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
• Indonesia independence – 1949
• Philippines independence - 1946

Decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa

• African educated elites led the independence movements (as in India)
• Africans served in world wars to support mother countries (as in India)
• Series of meetings regarding independence
• All-African People's Conference led by prominent men
• W.E. B. Du Bois and Blaise Diagne
• Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta demanded African independence at the Fifth Congress
• England and France invested in project to support African infrastructure
• Hydroelectric schemes on rivers
• Technology
• Education

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Decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa (cont)

• Gold Coast first to achieve independence; chose name Ghana to link to earlier empire
• Kwame Nkrumah
• Educated in the US
• Nigeria next
• Most populous country in 1960
• Borders drawn arbitrarily grouping unrelated hostile peoples
• Nigeria composed of three regions based on ethnicity
• Differences made nationalism a serious problem for Nigeria
• France turned over self-government in west and central Africa
• Some chose independence/others continued ties with France

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Decolonization in Sub-Saharan Africa (cont)

• Belgium did little to prepare for independence
• Violence when Belgium pulled out; chaos turned into civil war
• Lumumba expresses bitterness at the independence ceremony; assassinates
• Ruanda-Urundi – Tutsi minority dominated govt; issues between Hutus and Tutsis continue today
• South Africa only white-ruled country
• 1/5 white (some Afrikaners – Dutch)
• British and Dutch fought Boer War; formed Union of South Africa 1910
• Majority population (blacks) ruled harshly
• African National Congress formed to protest
• 1948 – apartheid; townships
• ANC moved to more aggressive methods
• Strikes and sabotage
• Nelson Mandela; sentenced to life imprisonment 1964
• 1976 UN condemned Transkei due to dependence on S. Africa
• 1982 – 1,000,000 black S. Africans transferred to Swaziland
• Nations adopted sanctions
• Difficult since resources included diamonds and gold making the country wealthy
• Demonstrations and riots
• Mandela released from prison and elected president 1994

Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East

• North Africa and the Middle East experienced different patterns of colonization
• **all the inhabitants in the Middle East are NOT Arabs
• Iran – Persian heritage/shares Muslim heritage with Turkey
• Israel founded 1947– number of Jews increased rapidly

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Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• Turkey
• Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) unified Turkey; wanted respected place in the world
• Created secular state
• Abolished shari’a law
• Ended polygamy
• Abolished office of caliph in govt
• Replaced Arabic script with Roman
• Encouraged western clothes
• Encouraged women to discontinue veils
• Quest for modernity included a loan from Soviets
• Remained neutral for most of WWII (allies)
• Tensions regarding secularization
• Large Kurdish population; advocated for separate Kurdish state
• Armed forces intervene periodically – govt alternates between democratic elections and military dictatorship
• Geographic location splits orientation between Europe and Western Asia

Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• Iran
• fragmented by 1921- economic and political disarray; people needed stability
• Colonel Reza Khan
• Coup d'état
• Established Pahlavi dynasty
• Legislature lost power; authoritarian rule
• Son came to power; Reza Shah
• Had to deal w/democratic opposition
• Muhammad Mosaddeq elected PM 1951; shah forced to flee 1953
• Britain and US restored Reza Shah to power (contain Soviet power during Cold War)

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Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• Iranians see US and Britain as supporters of autocratic govt and the shah as weak
• Shah extended voting rights to women, restricted polygamy, allowed women to work
• Iranians felt shah overstepped bounds:
• Perceived as totalitarian
• Secularized Iran too fast; broke balance btwn religious and secular state
• Ties to the west (esp. US) offended Iranians
• Shah created a political divide; modernization vs. traditional

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Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• 1979 Revolution in Iran unique: almost completely religious
• Dominant ideology was Shi’ism
• Leader was a cleric
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
• Ruled Iran for ten years
• Russia and China centered around communism
• In Mexico the Catholic Church involved but the military quickly sidelined the Church
• **Iran’s revolution resulted in a theocracy; other revolutions generally against religious control of govt

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Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
• Charismatic
• Literal interpretation of Islamic text
• Spoke against US; Great Satan
• Gave new meaning to velayat-e faqih (jurist guardianship)
• Gave broad authority over the unfortunate people (widows, orphans, mentally unstable)
• Claimed guardianship over entire Shi’ia community
• Many supported revolution
• Oil workers on strike; paralyzed industry
• Millions of protestors (organized and led by clerics)
• Khomeini in exile in Paris; audiotapes of speeches at rallies calling for abolition of monarchy
• Shah fled in 1979; Islamic Republic of Iran

Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• Cultural Revolution in Iran
• Similar to Mao Zedong; purification at the heart
• Purify country of shah’s regime
• Purify country from secular values and behavior; specifically those w/western origins
• Universities cleared of liberals; new faculty supported regime
• Many executed in the name of revolutionary justice

Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• States in Northern Africa: Egypt
• Egypt independent state since Muhammad Ali in early 19^th c (still part of Ottoman Empire)
• Britain maintained economic control
• WWII; Wafd (Egyptian nationalist party) new govt – leadership established League of Arab States
• 1952: army drove out Egyptian king and cut ties with British – paved way for Gamel Abdel Nasser
• Nasser
• Gained aid from US and Soviets during Cold War
• Declared Suez Canal belonged to Egypt

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Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• States in Northern Africa: Algeria
• French colony; revolution 1950’s
• Violence spread throughout Algeria into France
• Triggered the fall of the Fourth French Republic
• Contained by Charles De Gaulle
• Ushered in new govt- Fifth Republic; negotiated Algerian independence 1962
• New state limited
• Many left to got to France
• Control of the country has remained fragile as military and Islamic fundamentalist struggle for power

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Latin America

• Remained part of the Third World
• Most economies midway between nations of North Atlantic and developing countries of Asia and Africa
• Also had authoritarian govt run by elites
• European countries and US heavily invested resulting in vulnerability when international markets collapsed
• Culture influenced by Europe and US
• Decolonization due to economic and cultural reasons
• New nations sought autonomy

The Search for Stability in the Early 20^th Century

• Due to WWII, turned to import substitution industrialization
• Produce for themselves what they formerly imported
• Resulted in industry developing
• Brought international competition
• Fragile economies suffered debilitating inflation - increased political unrest
• Industry
• Produced a growing middle class
• Supported urban workers; people immigrated from Spain and Italy
• Unions formed
• Socialist and Communist parties formed
• Opposed by conservative elites
• Military kept order

Post-Revolutionary Mexico

• Review: Mexico had bloody revolutionary period 1910-1911
• 1929 – regional caudillos united : Party of the Institutionalized Revolution
• President Lazaro Cardenas 1930s
• Charismatic
• Socialist leaning govt vs capitalist
• Next president supported free market
• Mexico – 6 year presidential term – kept swinging back and forth
• 1980s settled into moderate capitalism
• PRI dominated politics; few signs of democracy
• 2000 – Democratization appeared to take hold under President Vincent Fox; non PRI candidate

The Vargas Regime in Brazil

• 1929 Getulio Vargas rose to power
• Based his state on Mussolini's Italy
• Established authoritarian regime supported by military
• WWII; traded with Axis and Allies
• Eventually sided with Allies in return for arms, financial aid, and trade advantages
• Govt based on corporatism
• Authoritarian state’s allowance of input from big business
• 1945 deposed by military coup
• Returned five years later
• Nationalized oil industry
• Suicide 1954; national hero in Brazil

Argentina: The Personalist Rule of the Perons

• 1929; economy collapsed – coalition govt
• 1930’s; conservative military backed party in power
• 1943; military coup - Peron comes to power
• Nationalistic feelings up
• Goals to industrialize and modernize Argentina
• Gained power through charismatic appeal
• Iconic wife, Eva (Evita) Peron
• Peron supported Axis powers during WWII
• 1946: re-elected despite attempts by US to discredit him

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Argentina: The Personalist Rule of the Perons (cont)

• Moderated government through nationalization of industries and clever management
• 1955 military coup
• Peronist party banned
• Urban workers agitated in support of his programs
• Won presidency again 1973; new wife was VP (Evita died 1952)
• Died 1974
• 1976 Argentina military dictatorship
• Brutally suppressed opposition through terrorist tactics
• Thousands died

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Radical Governments in Guatemala

• Influenced by Marxist Revolution in Russia
• Huge gap between rich and poor
• Most land owned by rich; bananas and coffee
• 1944; Juan Arevalo elected president and enacted socialist programs
• Land reform
• Regulation for working conditions
• Turned on foreign companies; United Fruit Company which controlled transportation, shipping, and lands
• Next president more radical; moved to nationalize areas of the economy
• US supports the fruit company
• Imposed economic and diplomatic restrictions
• Bully of the North
• CIA helped organize a military force and replaced govt w/pro-American regime
• Poverty of Amerindians not addressed through the 1950s and 1960s
• Politics controlled by a coalition of coffee growers, foreign investors, and the military

Radical Governments in Guatemala and Cuba

• Leftists view US intervention as outside interference
• US concerned about the influence of the Soviet Union
• Could weaken US position in Cold War
• Poorer Latin American countries see the US as overbearing
• Cold War atmosphere deepened the divide and created a confrontation in the Caribbean that represented worldwide struggle between US and Soviets

Radical Governments in Cuba

• Economy based on sugar for export
• American investments provided jobs for large middle class (better living condition than Guatemala)
• 1934 – 1959 ruled on and off by Batista (became dictator)
• Castro organized army and deposed Batista in 1959
• Nationalized foreign properties (most belonged to Americans)
• Economy based on Marxist principles
• Anti-imperialist foreign policy
• 1961; relations with the US broken, rely on Soviet support
• Many fled or were exiled; conspired to overthrow
• Bay of Pigs
• US sponsored invasion a disastrous failure
• Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba pointing at US
• US demands removal, Soviets balks, US sends ships to quarantine island
• Soviets ships turn back at the last minute; missiles removed
• Cuba remained a ‘hot spot’ during Cold War and the decades that followed

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Chile: The Clash of Socialism and Militarism

• Socialist government
• President Allende had nationalized industries and banks and worked for land redistribution
• Business interests, foreigners, and military opposed reforms
• Economy suffered, Pinochet led coup
• Supported by US
• Allende died, many died/tortured
• Pinochet rolled back reforms, encouraged foreign investment
• 1990 a civilian government elected

Pinochet

The Three Worlds: Summary

• 1945 – 1991;fierce competition between US and Soviets affected many parts of the globe
• Post WWII Soviets seized countries in Eastern Europe to protect them from aggressions of capitalism
• US sponsored Marshall Plan to help western European nations so they wouldn’t be vulnerable to communism

The Three Worlds: Summary (cont)

• US aided Turkey and Greece
• Wars in Korea and Vietnam pitted communist world vs non-communist
• Shrewd leaders (Nasser of Egypt) played both sides
• Latin America – US reacted to socialist movements fearing Soviets would win favor there
• Fear later realized in Cuba
• At the same time, rapid decolonization in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East left Europe in less control of world affairs
• New countries left vulnerable after years of dependency on imperial powers
• Collapse of Soviets union produced major changes as the 20^th C entered its last decade

A Globalized or Fragmented New World?

What brought down the USSR?

• Gradual Process Stalin->DeStalinization->Detente

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• Economic: Expensive military buildup and war in Afghanistan drain

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• Social: modern communication shows life outside Soviet Block

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• Mikhail Gorbachev institutes reforms, opening “Pandora’s Box”
• Glasnost, Perestroika

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• Nationalist movements arise, nations declare independence

Communism in China

• After WW2 unified China splits into two main factions (Mao vs. Kai-shek/Jieshi)
• With support of peasants Peoples Republic of China is created. Chiang Kai-shek flees and sets up government in Taiwan.
• Aligns with Soviet Union but are never fully on the same page (“Big Brother Complex”)
• Maoism vs. Stalin’s Communism
• Large Collectivization Projects
• Great Leap Forward….similar to Five-Year-Plans
• Cultural Revolution
• Both of these were ultimately massive failures

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• Mao dies, eventually replaced by Deng Xiaoping who gradually implements Socialist Market Economy.
• Takes advantage of China’s massive labor population
• Large population also creates a large market for imports and other business
• Civil Rights and personal freedoms were still limited by the governments which lead to massive protests (i.e. Tiananmen Square) and Military/gov’t crackdowns.
• Joins WTO and receives seat in U.N. Security Council...No longer Taiwan

A New World Order

• 1990s a time of chaos and humiliation for Russia
• Had to turn to the US for loans to help boost the economy
• New President Putin had to redefine Russia’s role
• US emerged as lone superpower
• Bush and Clinton believed it was important to maintain a relationship with Russia and that an economic collapse would be disastrous for the world economy

Decolonization

• Colonized countries asserted their independence
• Three waves of democratization
• First wave – revolutions in America and France, developed slowly, hit obstacles of totalitarianism in the early 20^th C that caused democracies to fall
• Second wave – started with Allied victory in WWII and continued until 1962; included formation of new countries in Africa, South Asia, and SE Asia
• Third wave – started in the mid-1970’s when dictatorships in southern Europe ended (Greece, Portugal, Spain)

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Decolonization (cont)

• First wave took a lot of time to develop; last two more rapid due to:
• Loss of legitimacy by right and left wing authoritarian regimes (defeat of Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini's Italy)
• Expansion of urban middle class in developing countries as imperialist system collapsed and industrialization took place
• New emphasis on human rights by US and Europe as alternative to foreign policy to Cold War containment of communism
• Snowball effect; one country in a region becomes democratic and others follow

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Causes for Independance

-Desire for Self-Determination & Popular Sovereignty

-Foreign Economic Hardship

-Social Discontent

-Assistance during the Great Wars

-Transnational Movements

-Communism

-Pan-Arabism

-Pan-Africanism

Types of Colonies

Non-Settler Colonies - Achieved independence relatively peacefully.

(Indonesia, Singapore, Ghana)

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Settler - Typically Violent conflict that took numerous years to achieve independence.

(Kenya, South Africa, Algeria)

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Latin America: Attempts to throw off economic yolk of the United States, several countries turned to communism as a response to this neocolonialism.

(Cuba, Venezuela & Nicaragua)

Methods of Achieving Independence: Negotiated Independence

India From British Empire

-Gradually gained independence between WW1-WW2

-Achieved independence in 1945

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The Gold Coast From British Empire

-Kwame Nkrumah

-Becomes Ghana

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Release from Mandate system

-Palestine, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon

Methods of Achieving Independence:

Armed Struggle

-Algeria from French Empire

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-Vietnam From French Empire

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-Angola from the Portuguese

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-Kenya from the British Empire

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Usually a reason for being

unable to peacefully leave

Independence YAAAAAY!........Sort of

The process of state-building is not all rosy and newly formed states experience growing pains at various levels.

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-Singapore eventually becomes an independent state from Malaysia and an important player in the global free market at the expense of limited civilian rights and massive gaps between rich and poor

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-India suffers through separatist movements and a massive population crisis that increases poverty and starvation but develops into an extremely powerful democratic state in the 21st century.

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-Ghana goes through a peaceful process of gaining independence but eventually faces ethnic tension within its borders caused by tribal affiliation and arbitrary borders created by Europeans. This process happens in numerous African States

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-South Africa Receives its independence in the 1940’s but is still a state with massive issues in regards to racism and suffers through the era of Apartheid where a small white minority dominates the state over a much larger black majority. Racism and Segregation.

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-Vietnam fights a long war for independence and then is divided into two regions (communist & Democratic) and becomes the venue for a Cold War proxy war until it is able to foreign powers pull-out of the conflict and it becomes a communist state.

Struggles in Africa during Post-Colonization

• Arbitrary National Boundaries
• Conflicts with ethnic and tribal groups. Prevents nationalism & creation of cohesive state
• Makes Pan-Africanism more appealing

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• Religious Tension
• Islam & Christianity

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• Disease & Health Issues
• AIDS
• Malaria

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• Large number of valuable natural resources

are owned by foreign companies

Effects:

Separatist Movements from newly created states

• Pakistan and The Muslim League/Muhammad Ali Jinnah

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• The Quebecois Separatist Movement

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• Biafra Secessionist Movements

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EFFECTS:

Cold War Influence

-India & Egyptian Solidarity

-Proxy “Hot” Wars

-Superpower influence over government

-Iran

-Korea

- “China”

-Guatemala/Nicaragua/Cuba

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Responses to Cold War Politics/Influence

-Anti-Nuclear Movement

-Student Protests in Foreign Affairs

-American Civil Rights

-Black Nationalism

-Non-Violence

-James Bond…..Western Mass Media

Responses to Cold War Influences:

Fundamentalism - A movement that rejects modernism, secularism, and trends that challenge one’s own religious truths.

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• India: BJP (Hindu) Party
• Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia: Sharia Law
• America: Branch Davidians, Moral Majority
• Israel: Far Right Parties

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Examples of Religious leaders who used their beliefs to fight oppression:

Desmond Tutu, Martin Luther King, Oscar Romero

Effects:

Migrations from former colony to Imperial State

-Algerians to France

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-South Asians to Britain

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-Filipinos to the United States

Population Resettlements

-India/Pakistan Partition

-Zionist Jewish Settlement of Palestine

-Displaced populations:

-Palestinians

-Darfurians

Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Claims for a homeland has roots that go back 4000 years
• Early peoples settled in region; conflicts
• Dispelled by Romans 1st C
• 20^th C Zionist Movement led to Balfour Declaration
• 1948: creation of state of Israel
• Arabs in Palestine believe these are THEIR ancestral homes

Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Conflict in region as Jewish settlement increased
• UN passed resolution agreeing to the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine on Arab occupied lands
• Jewish see opposition as anti-Semitism instead of land dispute
• Palestinians mostly Muslim; conflict evolved into broader religious issue
• Warfare erupted; Zionists better armed
• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) formed to represent the Arab refugees from the war

Decolonization and Change in North Africa and the Middle East (cont)

• The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• 1967 Israel launched military offensive to conquer West Bank and Gaza strip
• Arabs had hoped to form their own state there
• Gaza strip borders Egypt, they enter the conflict
• Nasser’s Egyptian forces defeated, Israel captures Sinai Peninsula and Suez Canal
• 1973 – Egypt struck back under Anwar el-Sadat
• 1979 – peace agreement under Jimmy Carter; Egypt regained Sinai and Suez
• US to Israel: 1billion +
• 1981 Sadat assassinated
• Tensions between Israelis and Palestinians continues to fester

A World Without Borders

Globalization

-A series of forces including the advances of communication and technology and the expansion of international trade emergence of global enterprises and governments and international organizations favoring market economies.

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-The breaking down of traditional boundaries in the face of increasingly global financial and cultural trends

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*Begins after Cold War

-New Technology -Interconnected Economics, -International political relations -Blended Culture

-Demographic/Environmental Changes

Geography is no longer an issue…

thanks to new methods of communication

• Telephones
• Automobiles
• Motorized Ships
• Trains
• Planes
• INTERNET

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End Result…..the entire world can be one market.

Economic Globalization

• International Monetary Fund
• World Bank

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• Expansion of free trade
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• World Trade Organization's (WTO)

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• Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market
• General Motors, Nestle, Coca-Cola, Sony

Economic Growth in Asia

• Japan benefits from Marshall Plan & reconstruction. Taiwan & South Korea also undergo massive economic growth.
• Economies focuses on the development of high-level technology
• Massive postwar economic expansion, slowed in 1990s

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• China integrates elements of market economy (Deng Xiaoping)
• Benefits from huge cheap labor pool.
• Major market for foreign products.

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• Asian Tigers
• South Korea
• Taiwan
• Singapore
• Hong Kong

Trading Blocs

• European Union
• Begins Resurrecting European Power
• Euro is implemented as a currency

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• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• Est. 1960, dominated by Arab and Muslim countries
• Placed embargo on U.S. oil, 1973-1975
• Emphasizes importance of oil and growing influence of the Middle-East

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• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
• Limits tariffs and creates more “free” trade
• For the U.S. this increases business and productivity at the expense of moving many jobs to other countries.

Consumption and Cultural Interaction

• “Americanization” or “McDonaldization”
• Not Static: Internal transformations - Latino culture in America
• English language becomes predominant
• Influence of British colonialism, America, the Internet...France/China
• Buy more items than necessary...status

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• Diffusion of Music and film industries
• Hollywood
• Reggae
• Bollywood

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• Sports were more widely practiced and reflected national and social aspirations.
• World Cup
• The Olympics
• Cricket

Population (in millions) for Major Areas of the World 1900-2050

Environmental Impact

• Biodiversity under threat: 4500 species threatened

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• Global climate change
• Greenhouse gases

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• Kyoto Accords, 1997

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• Human mortality rate declines steadily,

several regions work on birth control measures

Economic Inequities

• Regional poverty a persistent problem

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• International Labor Organization of the UN: 250 million children, ages 5-14 work, esp. southeast Asia

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• Global Trafficking of human slaves

Global Diseases

• Tuberculosis and Malaria on the rise

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• New diseases Ebola and AIDS
• Developing world hit hardest; Sub-Saharan Africa
• Potential loss of 70 million in Sub-Saharan Africa
• Life expectancy in region- fall from 59 to 45
• 80% of children worldwide with AIDS live in Africa

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• Threats-orphaned children, health infrastructure, financial burdens, drain on workers

Global view of HIV infection

Global Terrorism

• Terrorism: deliberate violence against civilians

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• 9/11, 2001: 4 planes hijacked

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• Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda

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• Iraq and Afghanistan

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United Nations

• Superseded the League of Nations (1920-1946)
• Charter: to maintain international peace and security
• Declaration of Human Rights; Supporters of universal human rights
• Weak body in military areas,
• Influential in larger public health projects - eradication of smallpox

Global Feminism

• 20th c: Rise of political, economic, and social power of women in some countries BUT BY NO MEANS ALL or EQUITABLY

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• Regional DIfferences
• Arab Lands continued gaps in literacy

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• Women in industrialized nations want equal opportunities
• Control over bodies: birth control and abortion
• Increasing number of women national leaders
• Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, Margaret Thatcher

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Migrations

Han Rosling Data Chart

U.S.S.R. - Stalin’s Purges & First 5-Year Plan / Communist Revolution/ Russian Civil War

China - Civil Wars, Great Leap Forward, Rule under Deng

TURKEY!!!!! (A.K.A. the Ottomans)

U.S.A. and Civil War

Germany/Russia/France/Great Britain during WW! & WW2

Compare U.S. to U.S.S.R. During Cold War

Rwanda & Democratic Republic of Congo

Mexico - Mexican Civil War - Diaz, Zapata, Villa

Cambodia & Vietnam - Killing Fields & Vietnam Conflicts

Brazil/Argentina - Fascist & Socialist Rulers

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Can you find evidence of Command Economies

The United States: A Lone Superpower?

• US policy first as containment then as détente
• After collapse of Soviet Union policy changed
• September 11^th shaped the country’s direction
• War on terrorism
• First on Osama bin Laden (Al-Qaeda)
• Then on Saddam Hussein on the premise of WMDs)
• US criticized for failure to bring stability to the region (and find WMDs)

The Rise of China

• Late 20^th/early 21^st China emerged as powerful country
• 1949 – 1978: Command economy (Mao called this iron rice bowl or cradle to grave health care, work, and retirement security)
• Deng Xiaoping began series of reforms – socialist market economy- gradual infusion of capitalism
• New reforms included household responsibility system
• After govt taxes, etc, families may consume or sell what they produce
• Food production up
• 1988 “private business” created under the control of the party
• Importance of China’s state sector has diminished but business is heavily regulated
• Price controls limited and private business up

The Rise of China (cont)

• Four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) established 1979
• Foreign investors given preferential tax rates and incentives
• More established
• Free market mechanisms spread to most of urban China
• Trade and industry have expanded
• Rapid growth in production
• Wealthy class of businessmen has emerged
• China a member of WTO
• Most favored nation for trading with US; integrated into world community
• Quickly replacing Japan as the most powerful economy in Asia

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The Rise of China (cont)

• Since the Tiananmen Crisis of 1989 China has been under pressure to democratize political process
• Demonstration in Tiananmen Square
• Most students and intellectuals
• Protests erupted all over China
• Eventually the govt responded by sending in the army
• Shot its way through the square and recaptured control
• New waves of international protests from human rights advocates
• Unofficial estimates of fatalities from 700 to several thousand

China: Change Over Time �

• 1750-1914: goods in high demand. Qing began to weaken after Qinglong died and Britain began trading opium.
• Opium Wars resulted in unequal treaties
• Led to spheres of influence
• Self-strengthening efforts failed but nationalism grew
• 1914-Present: Revolution 1911 led to decades of instability.
• 1949 Chiang Kai-shek driven to Taiwan; Mao est. PRC. Followed Communist model until Mao’s death 1976 w/a command economy. Deng Xiaoping changed direction w/socialist market economy.
• 20^th C – economy growing w/authoritarian govt and status growing

Supranationalism and Globalization

• Roles in the new international order still being shaped: US, Russia, China
• Supranational organizations go beyond a nations boundaries
• Reflect a trend towards integration
• States pool their sovereignty to gain political, economic, social clout
• 20^th C: NATO, EU, NAFTA,OPEC, UN
• Reflects globalization which changed nature of world politics
• Breaks down the distinctions between international relations and domestic politics, making many aspects of domestic politics subject to global forces
• Events can have ripple effects across the globe
• Internet carries news rapidly; one event can affect many
• See counter trend; fragmentation – loyalty to ethnicity, language, religion, or cultural identity.
• Also transcends political borders

World-Wide Organizations:�The World Trade Organization

• Member states who have agreed to rules of world trade among member nations
• Serves as a forum for settling trade disputes
• Most trading nations belong; Russia being a major exception
• Oversees agreements
• membership unique in regards to country’s economic development
• Application is involved; China denied membership for many years due to questions of human rights abuses
• Growing economy influenced member states to accept them

World-Wide Organizations:�The World Bank

• Created to help countries rebuild post WWII
• Focus today on loans to low and middle income countries
• Goals are to eliminate poverty and support economic development in projects that build business, improve transportation and communication, provide jobs, and eliminate corruption
• Supports health initiatives
• Supports efforts to reduce greenhouse gases

Regional Organizations

• Countries chose sides depending on affiliation with Russia or US
• NATO – fourteen European members, the US, and Canada
• Purpose to provide mutual defense in case of attack
• Warsaw Pact formed in response
• Two pacts designed to maintain the bipolar balance of power in Europe
• Warsaw Pact disbanded with the break up of the Soviet Union
• NATO expanded
• Organization of American States promotes links in Western Hemisphere
• Organization for African Unity promotes elimination of white ruled governments in southern Africa

The European Union

• States in Europe moving towards integration (pool sovereignty to gain political, social, economic clout)
• Binds states with common policies and shared rules
• Began to revitalize a war torn Europe post WWII
• Repair broken economies
• Maastricht Treaty created modern organization
• Focus on monetary policy, foreign affairs, national security, transportation, environment, justice, and tourism

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The European Union (cont)

• Treaty established three pillars:
• 1. Trade and other economic matters
• Monetary union into a single currency
• Creation of European Central Bank
• 2. Justice and home affairs
• Including policy governing asylum, borders, immigration, terrorism
• 3. Foreign and security policy
• Including positions and actions
• Common defense policy
• EU controls money supply and the euro and replaced old national currencies
• Britain and Sweden have kept their national currencies

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NAFTA: US, Mexico, Canada

• 1995 – goal to more closely integrate the countries’ economies by eliminating tariffs and reducing restrictions – companies can expand into all countries freely
• Mexico
• Hopes to stimulate growth and supply jobs
• US
• Firms gain access to inexpensive labor, raw materials, new markets to sell and invest in
• Many in US criticize NAFTA; jobs moving South
• Unlike EU – NAFTA does not allow for free flow of labor across borders

Economic Trends: Inequalities in Economic Development

• Trends
• Gap in economic development between rich and poor
• Free market economies based on capitalism
• Categories: More developed countries (MDC) and less developed countries (LDC)
• More LDC but many subcategorized as newly industrializing
• Some in Latin America and Asia
• Example: South Korea
• Compressed modernity – rapid economic and political change (some democratic institutions)
• Mexico also cited as newly industrializing

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Economic Trends: Inequalities in Economic Development (cont)

• Modernization model (westernization model)
• Britain first to industrialize
• IR spurred by prosperity, trade, inventions, resources
• In Europe wealth seen as personal virtue
• Individualism replaced kinship and community
• British model spread to other European nations and US
• Modernization theory identifies tradition as the greatest barrier to economic development
• Societies with strong family systems tend to discourage the adoption of new technologies

Economic Trends: Inequalities in Economic Development (cont)

• Dependency theory
• Puts primary responsibility for global poverty on rich nations
• Believe that industrialized nations block many country’s economic development through exploitation
• Inequality has its roots in colonialism
• Outgrowth of Marxism
• Problems cannot be solved by westernization but by independence
• In reaction, many LDC’s have experimented with socialism; trying to narrow the gap between rich and poor

Movement toward Market Economies

• Many economists claim competition between socialism and competition is over
• Command economies fading; some combine with market economies (mixed economy)
• Germany – social market economy; cooperation between management and organized labor
• US – more individualistic and anti-govt control
• Why the move toward market economies?
• Government is too big; command economies require active, centralized govt
• Lack of success of command economies; collapse of Soviet Union best example
• China slowly infusing capitalism into its system: socialist market economy

Movement toward Market Economies (cont)

• Marketization: state’s creation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services all function in a competitive environment to determine their value
• Privatization: transfer of state-owned property to private ownership
• Look at China since 1978
• Political leaders allowed marketization and privatization
• By early 21^st C experiencing rapid economic growth
• Trend towards marketization reinforced globalization
• Europe, Asia, Africa, South Pacific, Americas – banks and corporations have encouraged standardization of trade practices

Technological Trends

• Technology changed interconnectedness worldwide
• Telephones, cell phones
• Electricity – work or play at any hour
• Communication expanded with spread of radio, film, television
• First in limited regions in US, then global
• Late 20^th/early 21^st computer technology encouraged information sharing
• Movies, music, videos, television shows can be downloaded; geographic distances are no longer a barrier
• Technology still unequal; people in LDC less likely to be internationally connected than those in MDC

Social and Demographic Trends: Rural-Urban Migration and Urban Growth

• Urbanization accelerated due to industrial development
• LDCs are seeing the same pattern
• By 2000; 48 cities 5,000,000+
• 32 in less developed nations
• Why?
• Longevity has increased
• Mostly people looking for jobs and conveniences (running water, electricity, etc)
• As countries industrialize, pull of the city stimulates migration
• Commonalities globally:
• Proportion of people living in cities growing
• Cities themselves are large and growing
• By 2000 19 megacities (10,000,000+) with 6 more estimated to have reached that number today

Social and Demographic Trends: Population Growth

• 21^st C: population 6.5 billion
• Growth rates less in more industrialized countries that experienced demographic transition (era 5)
• Increase due to improvements in health care
• Revolution in food production
• Green revolution – higher yield seeds and use of fertilizer
• Failed to provide famine relief in parts of sub-Saharan Africa
• Traditionally limited agriculture and pastoral nomadism
• Overgrazing, exhausted soils, soil erosion

Social and Demographic Trends: The Changing Nature of Social Class

• Historically, social status tied to land ownership
• Industrial Revolution – social status tied to $$
• Late 20^th – aristocracies and landlord classes less important
• Urbanized societies place emphasis on capital and knowledge
• Clear pattern in the West and eastern Europe
• Pattern also emerging in Africa and Asia
• Tensions between classes reduced as workers were able to own consumer goods – appliances, electronics, cars
• Social lines blurred by mobility
• Wealth gap continues to grow

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Social and Demographic Trends: Equality between Men and Women

• Early 21^st signs show the gap between men and women narrowing
• Feminists believed that greater equality in the West would influence other areas of the world
• Women went to work during WWII – after the war a movement towards equality
• Today women have more education, birth rates falling, and voting rates fairly common
• Women rejecting purely domestic roles in the West
• Women’s movement gained momentum along with the civil rights movements in the US
• Growing number of middle class women entering jobs traditionally reserved for men

Social and Demographic Trends: Equality between Men and Women

• Women in Africa and Asia made limited political and economic gains in the 20^th c
• Indira Gandhi (India), Corazon Aquino (Philippines) , and Benazir Bhutto (Pakistan) emerged as heads of state
• Some countries have passed laws requiring a minimum number of women in govt
• Economic barriers for women still overwhelming in most emerging nations
• Early marriages and large families the norm (Africa and Asia)
• Low levels of nutrition affect more women than men (men served the best food)
• These customs, along with high death rates in childbirth, result in overall lower life expectancies
• UN supports international women’s movements

Social and Demographic Trends:�Human Rights

• Enlightenment documents of 18^th C began the formal recognition of human rights
• US Declaration of Independence
• US Constitution
• French Declaration of the Rights of Man
• US Bill of Rights
• Anti-slavery movements claimed that slavery violated individual rights
• Mid 20^th C civil rights movements sought to gain political, economic, and social equality
• 20^th C Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms the principle of equality
• Condemns slavery, torture, cruel and inhumane punishment, etc.
• Many praised UN for creating a universal standard for human rights
• Some say West is trying to impose cultural values
• NGOs have joined the UN in promoting human rights
• Amnesty International
• Doctors Without Borders

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Cultural Trends

• Western values spreading through TV, radio, movies, internet
• 19^th C – industrialization impacted economies; accompanied by set of values called modernism
• Include secularism
• Emphasis on non-religious aspects
• Emphasis on reason
• Materialism
• Technology
• Bureaucracy
• Freedom
• 20^th C – economies went into post-industrialization
• Many in service jobs: technology, health care, business and legal services, finance, and education
• Post-industrialization accompanied by post-modernism, values that emphasize quality of life over concern with material gain
• Preservation of environment
• Health care
• Education

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Global Culture

• Technological innovations and international marketization and privatization have encouraged cultural globalization
• Spread of western, specifically American, culture
• Many criticize US of cultural imperialism
• Movies, television, western goods and styles
• Technology allows ordinary people to have access to a global pop culture; food, dress, music, movies, TV that reflect American culture
• Bollywood also popular
• Global elite culture reaches fewer people but is influential
• English as common language linking elites
• English most common language at international academic and diplomat conferences and meetings
• Sharing of modern science
• Ease of sharing knowledge of biology, chemistry and physics
• Dominated by US and Europe

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Fragmentation: Counter-Influence to Globalization

• Few predicted that fragmentation – divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity – would become increasingly important in world interactions
• Nationalism seemed to be declining in favor of globalization
• Nationalism blocked attempts to resuscitate the Soviet Union
• Politicization of religion has dominated world politics – catching the west off guard (separation of church and state)

Fragmentation: Counter-Influence to Globalization (cont)

• Political scientist Huntington (1990s) divided world into cultural areas poised to threaten world peace
• The West Orthodox world (Russia)
• Islamic countries Latin America
• Africa Hindu world
• Confucian world Buddhist world
• Japan
• The revival of ethnic or cultural politics tends to emphasize differences among nations
• Fragmentation and globalization may exist at the same time within a country
• India – world’s largest democracy, information technology centers, conflicts between Hindus and Muslims

Fragmentation: Counter-Influence to Globalization (cont)

• Evidence fragmentation at work: number of stateless nations
• Basques - northern Spain
• Quebecois – Canada
• Catholics – N. Ireland
• Palestinians – seek state in Middle East
• Kurds
• Attack on World Trade Center Marker event; time will tell the full impact on history
• Was the attack a demonstration of the importance of conflicting cultural identities in the modern world?
• The patterns are still taking shape; the forces of globalization are undeniable.

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New Forces of Revolution in Russia and China

• Revolutionary forces overcame traditional monarchies in both Russia and China in the early 20^th C
• 1911: Last emperor in China was deposed
• 1917: Last tsar abdicated in Russia
• 1914 – 1945 a new authoritarian regime in Russia while the struggle continued in China

The Russian Revolution and the Creation of the Union of Soviet Republics

• Romanov tsars had clung to absolutism
• Number of dissidents increase
• Tsar Nicholas II not able to manage the war (WWI) last straw
• Lack of food and equipment led to mutiny within the troops
• Chaos descended ; soviets encouraged street riots
• When the tsar abdicated, the govt was up for grabs

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The Russian Revolution and the Creation of the Union of Soviet Republics (cont)

• Alexander Kerensky
• Supported freedom of religion
• Resisted land reform and redistribution
• Popular unrest continued
• V.I. Lenin
• Returned from exile
• Led the Bolsheviks to a second revolution that toppled provisional govt
• His interpretation of Marxism “vanguard of the revolution’ force its way to the top by dismantling other parties

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Economic Problems of the 1920s

• US loaned money to Germany to pay war debts to Britain and France
• Britain and France needed Germany’s money to repay money US loaned them during the war
• US pulled back on investments in mid-1928 – lack of capital caused repayment structure to collapse

Economic Problems of the 1920s (cont)

• Weimar Republic in German faced insurmountable problems
• German Communists staged a coup in 1919; army stemmed the coup but had to pay back huge $$$ to Allies
• Eventually Germany asked for a two year moratorium; France sent troops to occupy Ruhr area – heart of Germany’s industrial production – seizing iron and coal production
• Germany told workers to go on strike; shutting down production
• Germany slipped further behind causing severe inflation
• Resentments between Germany and France continued to simmer

Economic Problems of the 1920s (cont)

• France and Britain faced economic problems
• France lost 1.5 million people in the war
• Britain’s economic health slipped before the war
• Mines and factories out-producing consumption
• Merchant marine couldn’t hold the links of the empire together
• US took over as financial center of the world
• As Britain declined, capital invested by Britain supplied by US
• British production fell further; unemployment rates high
• US doing well in 1920’s; little damage and fewer casualties
• Became prime creditor nation; others dependent on US
• When stock market faltered – triggered worldwide depression

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Economic Problems of the 1920s (cont)

• As imperialist nations experienced setbacks, colonies suffered
• Production on plantations had increased – no market for their products – colonial peoples had no means to purchase manufactured goods
• Western nations turned to protectionism

The New York Stock Market Crash and the “Great Depression”

• Depressed state of agriculture resulting from the war an issue
• Farmers in US, Canada, Argentina, and Australia had expanded production during WWI
• European farmers went back to work after war
• Food surpluses triggered falling prices
• Farm families couldn’t purchase manufactured goods leading to a surplus
• In US people speculating on stocks
• Damaging behavior - people buying stock on margin
• People borrowed heavily and when stock prices stumbles, brokers called in loans
• Stock market crashed, banks collapsed, people lost their investments, and economic crisis spread

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The New York Stock Market Crash and the “Great Depression” (cont)

• US began to call back loans to Europe
• Led to key bank failures in Austria and Germany
• Infrastructure built on repayment caved
• Crisis expanded to every sector of industrial society and their colonies
• US placed high tariffs on goods; other countries couldn’t export
• Japanese economy very dependent on US; highly affected

The New York Stock Market Crash and the “Great Depression” (cont)

• Primary producing economies usually dependent upon the export of one product
• When the market disappeared, little to fall back on
• Latin American countries saw unemployment rates rise rapidly
• Imperialist colonies in Africa continued to trade with mother countries

The Break-Up of the Soviet Union

• Power struggle after Stalin died 1953
• Khrushchev came to power; denounced Stalin’s rules and practices
• deStalinization led to reforms
• Loosening govt censorship
• Decentralization of economic decision making
• Restructured collective farms
• Foreign policy – advocated peaceful coexistence w/US
• Some in Politburo criticized him
• Failure in Cuban Missile Crisis led to his removal early 1960s
• Replaced with Brezhnev who ended reforms and tried to work on economic problems

The Gorbachev Reforms

• Gorbachev more open to western reforms; inherited tons of problems – programs motivated by necessity.
• Glasnost
• Openness
• People also vented hostilities
• Democratization
• Created Congress of People’s Deputies (directly elected reps)
• New position of President selected from Congress
• Perestroika
• Most radical, least successful
• Transferred economic powers to private hands
• None of the reforms fully carried out; Revolution in 1991 swept him out of office

A Failed Coup and the Revolution of 1991

• Tried to remove Gorbachev but coup failed
• Leaders included VP, head of KGB, and top military advisors
• Boris Yeltsin led protestors
• Yeltsin advocated more extreme reform measures; Gorbachev restored to power but USSR had little time left
• 12-1991; eleven republics had declared their independence
• Gorbachev forced to announce end of the union
• Fifteen republics went separate ways
• Yeltsin emerged as president of larges and most powerful republic; Russian Federation

Cold War/Decolonization Characters

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1. Deng Xiaoping
2. Muhammad ali Jinnah
3. Jawaharlal Nehru
4. Mao Zedong
5. Kwame Nkrumah
6. Fidel Castro
7. Nelson Mandela
8. Gamal Abdel Nasser
9. Ho Chi Minh
10. Nikita Khrushchev
11. Ronald Reagan
12. Charles De Gaulle

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Complete Your Character’s Speed Dating Bio

For Each Person…..You Should Identify:

NAME:

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Where are you from:

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Main Accomplishments:

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Main Philosophies:

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Is this person a similar match to me:

Question #1

The creation of NATO & the Warsaw Pact has lead to a more bipolar world where nations have been forced to chose sides in this ideological conflict. These alliances have both heightened and cooled Cold War tensions at different points during the Cold War Era. What is your stance on the necessity of these alliance organizations and why?

Question #2

What is the best way to escape from foreign influence

Question #3

How important is the practice of secularism in the modern state?