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U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence

MEDICAL CENTER OF EXCELLENCE

TO CONSERVE FIGHTING STRENGTH

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Land Navigation

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Action: Navigate from one point on the ground to another point while dismounted during daylight and darkness

Condition: In a field environment, during hours of daylight and darkness, given a 1:25,000 map of the area, a Lensatic compass, flashlight with red lens, GTA 5-2-12 protractor, a reflective vest/belt, chem-light, and a score sheet

Standards: Demonstrate the principles of map reading to include navigation techniques, identifying terrain features, how to read a map, finding 6 and 8 digit grid coordinates, and intersection and resection techniques IAW TC 3-25.26

Terminal Learning Objective

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Sheet Name
Sheet Number
Series Name
Adjoining Sheets
Declination Diagram
Scale
Bar Scales
Contour Interval
Credit Note
Grid Reference Box
Legend
Terrain Features

Map Orientation

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Determine grid coordinates

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Uses the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS)
Identifies location using the north-south and east-west grid line designators –

Write the coordinate as a continuous series of digits
Coordinates always consist of an even number of digits

Determining Grid Coordinates

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The Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) is an extension of the UTM system. UTM zone number and zone character are used to identify an area 6 degrees in east-west extent and 8 degrees in north-south extent. UTM zone number and designator are followed by 100 km square easting and northing identifiers. The system uses a set of alphabetic characters for the 100 km grid squares. Starting at the 180 degree meridian the characters A to Z (omitting I and O) are used for 18 degrees before starting over. From the equator north the characters A to V (omitting I and O) are used for 100 km squares, repeating every 2,000 km. Northing designators normally begin with 'A' at the equator for odd numbered UTM easting zones.

Rules that govern how you read grid coordinates are:

First, use only the large, boldface numbers in the margin labeling each gridline
Second, start at the lower left corner of the map sheet, read RIGHT and UP

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Use only the large, boldface numbers in the margin labeling each gridline
Read right, then up –

The first half of the digits represents the right reading
The last half of the digits represents the up reading

Determining Grid Coordinates

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40

Right

82

Up

Point to locate

82

40

NT

4-Digit Grid

Read map –

Left to right
Bottom to top

Determine a Four-Digit Grid Coordinate

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What main water feature is located at NT4384?

Question

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Panther Springs Creek

Answer

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What hill is located in grid square NT3983?

Question

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Cedar Hill

Note: Four-digit grid coordinates are accurate to within 1,000 meters

Answer

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It can also be used as a scale to measure distance

Baseline

Index

Degrees

Mils

Scale

1:100,000

1:25,000

1:50,000

The Military Protractor

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Determine which scale to use on the protractor

by identifying the scale of the map

Step One

Determine a Six-Digit Grid Coordinate

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Point to locate

vertical line of protractor scale on map’s north-south gridline

horizontal line of protractor scale on map’s east-west gridline

Place the 0-0 point of the protractor scale on the lower left corner of the grid square

Step Two

0-0 Point

Determine a Six-Digit Grid Coordinate

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Slide the protractor to the right, along the east-west gridline, until the vertical line of the scale intersects the point on the map

Step Three

Determine a Six-Digit Grid Coordinate

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Determine the 3rd digit by reading the number on the protractor scale that the map’s north-south grid line dissects

Step Four

Determine a Six-Digit Grid Coordinate

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Separate the grid coordinate in half
Underline the first two digits of the two halves

Example: NT 404 827

Tips

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82

40

NT

6-Digit Grid

4

Determine a Six-Digit Grid Coordinate

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Determine the 6th digit by reading the number on the vertical portion of the protractor scale which is closest to the point you are locating on the map

Step Five

Determine a Six-Digit Grid Coordinate

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82

404

NT

6-Digit Grid

7

Determine a Six-Digit Grid Coordinate

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What feature is located at NT409791?

Question

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LZ R (Parade Field)

Answer

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What is located at NT377766?

Question

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Oak Hills Church

Note: Six-digit grid coordinates are accurate to within 100 meters

Answer

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Interpolate or estimate the grid coordinates to determine last two digits

Step Six

Determine a Eight-Digit Grid Coordinate

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6-Digit Grid

8-Digit Grid

82

40

NT

4

7

0

4

Determine a Eight-Digit Grid Coordinate

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What is located at NT38517881?

Question

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Hilltop

Answer

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What is the location, within 10 meters, of the hilltop in grid square NT3992?

Question

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NT39309245

Note: Eight-digit grid coordinates are accurate to within 10 meters

Answer

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Measure Distance On a Map

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Extension

Primary

Scales

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Identify the two points & circle them
Place a straight edged piece of paper that extends beyond the points, adjacent to them
Make tick-marks on the edge of the paper at the two points

Straight Line Distance

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Straight Line Distance

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Place the paper along the bar scale so the right tick-mark is on a number on the primary scale and the left tick-mark is on the extension scale
The extension scale is numbered with zero at the right and increases to the left
Read from right to left

Straight Line Distance

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2,400 Meters

Straight Line Distance

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What is the straight line distance in meters from Landing Zone (LZ) A in NT4190 to Landing Zone (LZ) D in NT4389?

Question

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1,960 Meters

Answer

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Align the paper strip with the road and place a tick-mark at the beginning point and label it “A”�
Put a successive tick-mark at the point where the road curves away from or under the edge of the paper

Road Distance

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To measure road distance:

Align the paper strip with the road and place a tick-mark at the beginning point and label it A
Put a successive tick-mark at the point where the road curves away from or under the edge of the paper
Make all measurements from the same side of the road
Continue measuring the road distance by turning the paper until it aligns with the next segment of road
Make sure that the successive tick-mark on the paper and the map stay aligned with each other
Place your next successive tick-mark at the next point the road either curves away from or under the map. Make sure that the tick-mark extends on to the map. Continue this process until you reach the end point
Place a tick-mark at the end point and label it B
Align your paper with the bar scale and read the distance
If the measured map distance is longer than the bar scale, place an additional tick-mark on the paper strip at the point where it aligns with zero on the bar scale and label it C
Slide the paper strip to the right until tick-mark C is aligned with the first whole number that allows point A to fall within the extension scale. Now, read the distance from the extension scale

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A

Road Distance

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Continue measuring by turning the paper until it aligns with the next segment of road�
Make sure that the successive tick-mark on the paper and the map stay aligned with each other and extend to the map

Road Distance

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A

Road Distance

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Place tick-mark at the next point the road curves away from or under the map�
Continue this process until you reach the end point

Road Distance

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A

B

Road Distance

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What is the road distance, in meters, from NT46128736 to NT45068564?

Question

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2,350 Meters

Answer

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Determine Azimuths�Using A Protractor

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Instead of the word DIRECTION, the word AZIMUTH is used
Defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a base direction
The base is always NORTH
Point “U” to “A” is a 45^o azimuth
Point “U” to “B” is a 120^o azimuth

Direction

Azimuth

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Being able to determine distance between two points would be of little value unless you consider direction also. When you look at a map you can probably tell the cardinal directions of North, South, East, and West. This is not always accurate enough for our use. We must be more specific. No matter where you are located on the face of the earth, you can think of yourself as being in the center of an imaginary circle. This circle is divided into 360 degrees. In the Army direction is given by using degrees. Instead of the word DIRECTION, however, the word AZIMUTH is used. An azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a base direction. This base direction is always NORTH.

A moment ago, I mentioned an imaginary circle. The slide appears vertical but imagine that it is horizontal, or the way the map sheet would be if you laid it on the table. Notice that the base direction of North has a value of either zero (0) or three hundred and sixty (360) degrees. If you wanted to move from your position at Point "U" to Point "A," you would follow an azimuth of forty-five degrees. To determine the azimuth you must follow, draw a line connecting the two points, then read around the azimuth circle from the base direction of north in a clockwise manner to the point where the line cuts the azimuth circle.

Q: If you wanted to move from point "U" to point "B," what azimuth would you follow?

A: One hundred and twenty (120) degrees. Merely extend line "UB" until it cuts the azimuth circle.

Q: Keeping this in mind, what azimuth would you follow from point "U" to point "C?"

A: One hundred and twenty (120) degrees. You can see that line "UB" is much shorter than line "UC," yet you follow the same azimuth. This gives you an important rule about azimuths. That is the distance has no effect on an azimuth.

Q: Keeping in mind that from "U" to "A" is 45 degrees, what would the azimuth be from "U" to "F?"

A: Two hundred and twenty-five (225) degrees. We obtain this answer by using a method called "Back Azimuth." There is a simple rule for determining a back azimuth. The rule is - If the initial azimuth is less than one hundred and eighty (180) degrees, ADD 180 degrees. If the initial azimuth is more than one hundred and eighty (180) degrees, SUBTRACT 180 degrees.

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“U” to “A” is

45° azimuth

“U” to “B” is

120° azimuth

This protractor is

square; however,

it measures 360°

(the full value of the azimuth circle)

U

A

B

Determining Azimuth with a Protractor

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Point #2

Point #1

Place the protractor on the map with its index located center of mass on the first point (ensure the baseline is parallel to the north-south gridline on the map)

Draw a line between them extending the line through the degree scale on the protractor

Locate the 2 points on the map

Read at the point where the line passes under the degree scale on the protractor

(i.e. 122° Grid)

Determining Azimuth with a Protractor

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True North – The north pole or rotational axis point on earth�
Magnetic North – Direction to the north, magnetic pole (compass)�
Grid North – North that is established by using vertical grid lines on the (map)

Direction

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The angular difference between any two north’s
To convert - refer to the conversion notes that appear along side the declination diagram

* For the Camp Bullis map use 4° when converting azimuths.

2022

G-M ANGLE

3.7° (66 MILS)

Declination

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Declination is the angular difference between any two types of north. If you have a map and a compass, the one of most interest to you will be between magnetic and grid north. The declination diagram shows the angular relationship, represented by prongs, among grid, magnetic, and true north. While the relative positions of the prongs are correct, they are seldom plotted to scale. Do not use the diagram to measure a numerical value. This value will be written in the map margin (degrees/mils) beside the diagram.

Grid Convergence is indicated by a dashed arc connecting the true and grid north arrows. The value of the angle for the center of the map sheet is given to the nearest full minute with its equivalent to the nearest mil. Data is shown in the form of a grid-convergence note. The most important angle when using a map and compass, is the difference between grid north and true north, the Grid-Magnetic, or G-M angle. Indicated by a dashed arc connecting the grid and magnetic north arrows. It is expressed to the nearest 1/2 degree with its equivalent shown to the nearest ten mils. It is important to map user because azimuths translated between map and ground will be in error by the size of the declination angle if not adjusted for it. This information is shown in the form of a G-M angle note.

The declination diagram, found in the lower margin of the map, serves as a single reference where all information pertaining to north can be found. To convert this magnetic azimuth to a grid azimuth, you refer to the conversion notes that appear along side the declination diagram.

Here, you see the two base directions that you must understand - grid north when using the map, magnetic north when using the lensatic compass in the field. What is important, however is the angular difference between them is called the grid-magnetic or G-M angle.

The G-M angle is always measured from the base direction of grid north and has two elements. First, it has direction. This direction is either east or west depending which direction magnetic north is located from grid north. Second, the G-M angle has a value. The value of the G-M angle is found in the declination diagram of the map.

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What is the grid azimuth and magnetic azimuth from Light Hill in grid square NT3984 to Cedar Hill in grid square NT3983?

Question

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Grid – 169^o

Magnetic – 165^o

Answer

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What is the grid azimuth, magnetic azimuth, and straight line distance from LZ E to LZ H?

As the Company Commander of Easy Company, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR), 101st Airborne Division (AA), you are conducting airborne operations. Your mission is to secure LZ E in grid square NT3986, and then, link up with Charlie Company at LZ H in grid square NT4085 in order to conduct follow-on combat operations in the vicinity of Buck Hill (to the north).

Scenario

Question

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Grid – 127^o

Magnetic – 123^o

1,690 Meters

Answer

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The opposite direction of an azimuth is a back azimuth –

Subtract 180 to obtain the back azimuth if the azimuth is greater than 180^o
Add 180 to obtain the back azimuth if the azimuth is less than 180^o

Back Azimuth

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Intersection And Resection

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A method used to locate an unknown point on a map by intersecting lines from two known points (i.e. An unknown location...)

Locate the two known points
Plot the azimuths from these two points to the unknown point
Determine the grid coordinates of the intersection

Determine Intersection –

Intersection

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Magnetic azimuth from Position A: 41^o + 4^o = 45^oG

Magnetic azimuth from Position B: 317^o + 4^o = 321^oG

Position A

Position B

Unknown Location

4.3

Intersection

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A medic at a BAS reports seeing an ambulance in an accident on 270^o magnetic azimuth from his location on a hilltop (NT434849). A dustoff pilot on Cunningham Hill (NT409838) reports seeing the same accident on 37^o magnetic azimuth.

What is the location of the accident to the nearest 10 meters?

Scenario

Question

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NT41968504

Answer

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Used to determine an unknown location using known points (i.e. Your unknown location)

Identify and plot two known points
Sight azimuths to the known locations
Determine back azimuths from the known locations
Plot your unknown location from the known locations

Determine Resection –

Resection

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From your unknown location to the unnamed, but known hilltop

224^o(M) + 4^o (G-M Angle) = 228^o(G) – 180^o = 48^o back azimuth

From your unknown location to Neutze Hill

153^o(M) + 4^o (G-M Angle) = 157^o(G) + 180^o = 337^o back azimuth

Unnamed Hill

(Known Location)

Neutze Hill

(Known Location)

Your Unknown Location

4.3

Resection

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On your way to the BSMC, you become disoriented. From your location you can see a hilltop in grid square NT3984 on 304^o magnetic. You can also see another hilltop in grid square NT3983 on 208^o magnetic.

What is your location within 10 meters?

Scenario

Question

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NT39948438

Answer

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Determine A Magnetic Azimuth Using A Lensatic Compass

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Lens Or

Rear Sight

Luminous Magnetic Arrow

Short Luminous Line

Fixed Black

Index Line

Luminous

Sighting Dots

Sighting Wire

Sighting Slot

Lens

Thumb Loop

Floating Dial

Bezel Ring

Graduated Straight

Edge

Cover

Base

Lensatic Compass

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Two methods to hold a compass includes the compass to cheek and center hold method.

Center hold

Compass to Cheek

Compass Holding Methods

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Floating dial determines the direction you are pointing the compass
Black Ring is mils
Red Ring is degrees
Floating Disk moves, one tick is 3^o
Use the index line to determine your direction

Index

Line

Floating Dial

Black Ring

Red Ring

4310 MILS

244^o

Read An Azimuth From A Lensatic Compass

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With the map level, place the compass parallel to a north-south grid line

Rotate map and compass until the direction of the declination diagram formed by the black index line and the compass needle match the direction shown on the declination diagram

The map is now properly oriented!

Orient Map Using A Compass

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Determine the direction of the declination and its value from the declination diagram.

With the map in a horizontal position, take the straightedge on the left side of the compass and place it alongside the north-south grid line with the cover of the compass pointing toward the top of the map. This procedure places the fixed black index line of the compass parallel to north-south grid lines of the map.
Keeping the compass aligned as directed above, rotate the map and compass together until the magnetic arrow is below the fixed black index line on the compass. At this time, the map is close to being oriented.
Rotate the map and compass in the direction of the declination diagram.
If the magnetic north arrow on the map is to the left of the grid north, check the compass reading to see if it equals the G-M angle given in the declination diagram. The map is then oriented.
If the magnetic north is to the right of grid north, check the compass reading to see if it equals 360 degrees minus the G-M angle.

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Orient map to the ground using map-terrain association –

Orient when its is in a horizontal position with its north-south corresponding to north-south on the ground�

Look at the map and the ground to find two terrain features common to both –

Use man-made features
Use the hydrography
Match terrain to the map
Compare vegetation

Map Of Same Area

Area Viewed From

a Ground Position

Orient by Map-Terrain Association

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# Paces to walk = Distance / Factor
Factor = Distance walked (100m pace count) / # of paces in that distance
Example: 100 meters / 62 = 1.61

Factor = 1.61

Example: find # of paces to point at a distance of 740 meters
740 / 1.61 = 460 paces

Determine # of Paces To Walk From Distance

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Techniques and principles are the same as those used for day navigation
Basic technique is dead reckoning
Special considerations –

Pace count will increase from daytime value
Take care in bypassing obstacles

Night Land Navigation

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Adjust short luminous line on the bezel ring to bring it into alignment with the north arrow

Keep the north arrow aligned with the short luminous line while navigating

“Charge” the illuminated components of the compass with flashlight

Rotate compass to obtain desired azimuth (i.e. 45° mag)

Night Land Navigation

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82^nd Grid line

Road

Valley

Lewis

Marne

Road

Cowgill

SP #10

SP #9

SP #8

SP #7

SP #6

SP #5

SP #4

SP #3

SP #2

SP #1

Road

Monterrey

TTB

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NAMES:					PLATOON:

				START TIME:
				END TIME:


Instructions: Your team will traverse within the boundaries of the land navigation course. During this course, you will need to find 6 out of 8 points in 5 hours. The points are marked by an alphanumeric code (i.e. A8) posted on an orange pyramid. The pyramid has white borders and is placed on a stake, five feet off the ground.
Use the grid coordinates below to plot your route from your start point to the end point. Upon reaching each point, write down the alphanumeric code and punch code in the space provided below. From your endpoint you must navigate back to the Land Navigation CP which is located at the TTB (NT 3824 8326) to the west of Monterrey Road. Your team must sign in with the land navigation Officer in Charge (OIC) after finishing the course to receive your score.
	LANE: XXXXXXXXX	SP XX:	NT			XXXX XXXX
Boundaries: The course is surrounded by 3 major roads and 1 grid line.

						ALPHANUMERIC CODE	PUNCH CODE
Cowgill Road to the North		1st Point: NT 1111 1111
Lewis Valley Road to the East
Monterrey Road to the West
Monterrey Road to the West		2nd Point: NT 2222 2222
82^nd Grid Line to the South
Danger Areas: Any area marked with white engineer tape is a danger area, STAY AWAY.


		3rd Point: NT 3333 3333
Emergency Instructions: The emergency azimuth is 270º magnetic. This will take you west to Marne Road. Go north on Marne Road to Cowgill Road. Head west on Cowgill Road and follow it on to Monterrey Road. Take Monterrey Road south into the TTB or wait to be picked up by one of the instructors. Use this azimuth if any of the following takes place:


		4th Point: NT 4444 4444




You hear the continuous sound of a vehicle’s horn or a long whistle blast.
You hear “ENDEX” over a bullhorn.
Lightning in the near area (avoid high ground as you use the emergency azimuth).
White Light: WHITE LIGHT WILL ONLY BE USED IN THE EVENT OF AN EMERGENCY WHERE YOU MUST GET THE ATTENTION OF A CADRE MEMBER.

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Questions/Discussion

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