Starter 10/15

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Exergonic reactions _______energy and ______molecules.

Endergonic reactions _______energy and ______molecules.

Test Analysis

• Check to make sure that you have the correct version for the exam you took.
• Use the analysis to see what you missed.
• Analyze what you personally did to prepare for it.

Did you really put effort in and still not do well?

Are you truly struggling with the concepts?

-- would study sessions be helpful?

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Enzyme notes:

How can you tell when a substance is an enzyme?

They typically end in “ase”, but not always if the enzyme has a “nickname”. (RuBisCo for

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase)

Enzymes are always proteins!

They are worker proteins.

They are “biological machines”

Bellwork 12/4

Check your plant!!!!

Soil moisture, height, color, flower or bud count, and trichomes!

Example:

ATP synthase:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CN2XOe_c0iM�

ATP synthase is the biological machine that adds a phosphate to ADP to make ATP. It is powered by a proton gradient.

How do enzymes work?

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed. Think about the time it would take one person to build a car from the ground up. Now think about an assembly line. Which is faster?

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Enzymes act as CATALYSTS.

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Enzymes are specific to a certain reactant in a system. We call this the enzyme’s SUBSTRATE.

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Enzymes have an ACTIVE SITE where substrates bind.

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Lock and key vs Induced fit

How are enzymes regulated within a given environment?

• They are proteins, so are affected by temp and pH.
• They can have coenzyme/cofactor partners.
• They can be inhibited with substances that block their active site (competitive inhibition) or ones that inhibit on another spot on the protein (non-competitive).
• They can use allosteric regulation:

--describes any case in which a protein’s

function at one site is affected by the

binding of a regulatory molecule to a

separate site.

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How are enzymes regulated within a given environment?

5. Feedback inhibition:

--- when the products of the reaction bind the enzyme to stop production of that product

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Starter: 1/11

Please take out your ENZYME Pogil!

Overall process of photosynthesis and where it takes place:

-- happens in thylakoids of the chloroplast of leaf cells

--Follow the arrows to know what goes in and comes out

The overall equation for photosynthesis (water unbalanced):

Photosynthesis Notes: Energy L4

Photosynthesis Notes: Energy L4

Photosynthesis Notes: Energy L4

Photosynthesis Notes: Energy L4

Photosynthesis Notes: Energy L4

Starter 1/12

• What causes the excitation of electrons for photosynthesis?
• What generates the oxygen gas that is a product of photosynthesis?
• Where does photosynthesis take place overall?
• Where do the light reactions take place specifically?
• What is the name of the electron carrier molecule that exits the light reactions and powers the light independent reaction?

The Light Reactions:

Assignment: Stop Motion Animation!

With your group, use an app to create a stop motion animation of electron and proton flow through the thylakoid membrane, lumen of the thylakoid and stroma during the light reactions.

Examples: Mitosis Cellular Respiration

If you have time, add in the Calvin Cycle -- show the three phases-- fixation, reduction and regeneration. Can use symbols rather than drawing the sugars!

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Starter 1/16

What particle powers the work of the ATP synthase enzyme?�Why would the pH be lower

inside the thylakoid as

compared to the stroma?

Calvin Cycle -- light independent reactions

Know:

That rubisco fixes carbon from CO2 into a 6 carbon sugar. That sugar is then broken down into 2 three carbon sugars ending up as G3P. This takes ATP and NADPH. This cycle happens three times. Out of the 6 G3P that are synthesized, only 1 goes into making sugar, starch or cellulose. The other 5 are used in Phase 3 to regenerate the RuBp which is the first 5 carbon sugar acted on by rubisco.

1/17 Stomata lab

Procedure:

• Obtain a boxwood leaf and a succulent leaf.
• For the boxwood, place a inch or so piece of tape on the underneath of the leaf where you can easily pull it off from the leaf when necessary.
• Paint the clear nail polish so that it covers approximately half of the tape and also on to the leaf surface at least a few centimeters.
• Allow polish to dry.
• Rip tape off holding polish free end “like a bandaid” and immediately place the tape and hanging polish on to a microscope slide.
• Observe under scope on all powers that are clear. Count all stomata in the clearest, highest power field of view. Write the numbers down.
• Do the same with the succulent leaf, except that tape does not have to be on the underneath of the leaf.

Stomatal Count class average:

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Boxwood:

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Succulent:

AP Bio today:

• Finish photosynthesis lab -- have baseline and variable data
• Begin Datablitz:

---Claim (about your variable) Evidence Reasoning

---Data table

---Graph of data

Starter 1/23

Fill in the chart into your photosynthesis notes:

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Cellular Respiration notes:

There are 3 stages of aerobic CR (as opposed to 2 in PS):

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Glycolysis takes 2 ATP and makes 4 ATP for a net of 2.

The cycle begins when 1 pyruvate or pyruvic acid is changed to Acetyl CoA. This gives off one CO2. The Kreb’s cycle produces 3 NADH -- but you must multiply by 2 since each glucose makes 2 pyruvates.

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One glucose makes 2 pyruvates which means two turns of the cycle, so 6 NADH.

This also makes 2 FADH2.

ATP synthase runs the opposite way in photosynthesis. Protons accumulate inside the thylakoid and run through to the outside.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Electron carriers drop off their passengers here which drives a proton out.

“Oxidative” -- think “in oxygen”

“Phosphorylation” -- adding a phosphorus to ADP

Starter 1/24

Please locate and have out your cellular respiration overview POGIL. See me if you were absent yesterday to acquire one.

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Cellular Respiration Lab

http://www.bozemanscience.com/cellular-respiration-lab-walkthrough

Prelab diagram in your spiral:

Make sure that:

• Volume of both bottles is the same
• You actually will have 3 bottles -- one with only beads
• You allow for a 10 to 15 min equalization time

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The purpose of the KOH is to grab on to the CO2 that

is produced by the respiring seeds so that we only see the

reduction in oxygen as it is consumed.

Muscle Fatigue: How long can you sustain lactic acid fermentation?

• Pick a partner. (or if you are organized you can do solo)
• Obtain a tennis ball.
• Copy data table into spiral (EL5 notes area) -- next slide
• Listen for me to explain directions!

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Number of squeezes accomplished in 10 sec:

Starter 11/14

• What molecule is moved on from GLYCOLYSIS to the Kreb’s Cycle?
• How many ATP are powered up from GLYCOLYSIS?
• What other electron carrier is used in GLYCOLYSIS?

Lactic acid fermentation -- anaerobic conditions!

Net yield of ATP:

2

Basically glycolysis runs over and over until oxygen is present. Not sustainable.

Ethyl Alcoholic Fermentation: anaerobic conditions!

Example species:

Yeast

Net yield of ATP:

2

Also is basically running glycolysis over and over, but for microorganisms, it is sustainable.