Problem Solving and Python Programming

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Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module

Problem Solving and Python Programming

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Strings

Problem Solving and Python Programming

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• String is a sequence of characters.
• String may contain alphabets, numbers and special characters.
• Usually strings are enclosed within a single quotes and double quotes.
• Strings is immutable in nature.
• Example:

a="hello world"

a=‘hello world’

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Strings Concatenation

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• The + operator used for string concatenation.

Example:

a=“Hai”

b=“how are you” c=a+b

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print(c)

Operators on String

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• The Concatenate strings with the “*” operator can create multiple concatenated copies.
• Example:

>>> print("Python"*10) PythonPythonPythonPythonPythonPython PythonPythonPythonPython

Operations on String

• String Length (len( ) function)
• String Indexing
• String Slicing

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String Slicing

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• Slicing operation is used to return/select/slice the particular substring based on user requirements.
• A segment of string is called slice.

String Slicing

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Python slicing can be done in two ways:

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• Using a slice() method
• Using the array slicing  [:: ] method

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String Slicing

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Using the slice() method�

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Syntax:

• slice(stop)
• slice(start, stop, step)

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Parameters: 

start: Starting index where the slicing of object starts. 

stop: Ending index where the slicing of object stops. 

step: It is an optional argument that determines the increment between each index for slicing. 

# String slicing

String = 'ASTRING'

# Using slice constructor

s1 = slice(3)

s2 = slice(1, 5, 2)

s3 = slice(-1, -12, -2)

print("String slicing")

print(String[s1])

print(String[s2])

print(String[s3])

Output:

String slicing

AST

SR

GITA

String Slicing

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A start, end, and step have the same mechanism as the slice() constructor. 

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• Syntax:

string_variablename [ start:end]

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Syntax

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arr[start:stop] # items start through stop-1

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arr[start:] # items start through the rest of the array

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arr[:stop] # items from the beginning through stop-1

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arr[:] # a copy of the whole array

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arr[start:stop:step] # start through not past stop, by step

String Slice example

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s=“hello”

Example:

String = 'GEEKSFORGEEKS’

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print(String[1:5:2]) # EK

Strings are immutable

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• Strings are immutable character sets.
• Once a string is generated, you cannot change any character within the string.

Strings are immutable

• It allows to inject items into a string

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• 3 methods are used

1) %s method

2)format( )

3)f-string method

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String formatting using %s

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• String formatting operator % is unique to strings.
• Example:

print("My name is %s and i secured %d marks in python” % ("Arbaz",92))

• Output:

My name is Arbaz and i secured 92 marks in python

print(“My name is %s and my age is %d and my percentage is %f" %("Amar",22,99.65))

Output:

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My name is Amar and my age is 22 and my percentage is 99.65

format( ) method

The format() method formats the specified value(s) and insert them inside the string's placeholder.

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Syntax:

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string.format(value1, value2...)

txt1 = "My name is {fname}, I'm {age}".format(fname = "John", age = 36)

�txt2 = "My name is {0}, I'm {1}” .format("John",36)

�txt3 = "My name is {}, I'm {}” .format("John",36)

myorder = "I have a {carname}, it is a {model}.”

�print(myorder.format(carname = "Ford", model = “Figo"))

f-string( ) method

• Inserts string dynamically

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• a=“python”

print(f “I Love {a}”)

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www.w3schools.com/python/ref_string_format.asp

String Comparision

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• We can compare two strings using comparision operators such as ==, !=, <,<=,>, >=

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• Python compares strings based on their corresponding ASCII values.

Example of string comparision

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str1="green" str2="black"

print("Is both Equal:", str1==str2) print("Is str1> str2:", str1>str2) print("Is str1< str2:", str1<str2)

OUTPUT:

Is both Equal: False Is str1> str2: True Is str1< str2: False

String functions and methods

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Inbuilt String functions

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• Python contains many inbuilt string functions such as:
• They are
• len()
• max()
• min()
• len()- Find out the length of characters in string
• min()- Smallest value in a string based on ASCII values
• max()- Largest value in a string based on ASCII values

What is ASCII values

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Example for Inbuilt string functions

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name=input("Enter Your name:") print("Welcome",name)

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print("Length of your name:",len(name)) print("Maximum value of chararacter in your name", max(name))

print("Minimum value of character in your name",min(name))

OUTPUT

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Enter Your name: PRABHAKAR Welcome PRABHAKAR

Length of your name: 9

Maximum value of chararacter in your name R Minimum value of character in your name A

i) Converting string functions

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Program:

str=input("Enter any string:") print("String Capitalized:", str.capitalize()) print("String lower case:", str.lower()) print("String upper case:", str.upper()) print("String title case:", str.title()) print("String swap case:", str.swapcase())

print("String replace case:",str.replace("python","python programming"))

Problem Solving and Python Programming 18

Output:

Enter any string: Welcome to python String Capitalized: Welcome to python String lower case: welcome to python String upper case: WELCOME TO PYTHON String title case: Welcome To Python String swap case: wELCOME TO PYTHON

String replace case: Welcome to python programming

ii)Formatting String functions

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Program:

a=input("Enter any string:") print("Center alignment:", a.center(20)) print("Left alignment:", a.ljust(20)) print("Right alignment:", a.rjust(20))

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Output:

iii) Removing whitespace characters function

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Program

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a=input("Enter any string:") print("Left space trim:",a.lstrip()) print("Right space trim:",a.rstrip()) print("Left and right trim:",a.strip())

Output:

iv) Testing String/Character function

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Program

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a=input("Enter any string:") print("Alphanumeric:",a.isalnum()) print("Alphabetic:",a.isalpha()) print("Digits:",a.isdigit()) print("Lowecase:",a.islower())

print("Upper:",a.isupper())

Output:

v) Searching for substring

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Program

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a=input("Enter any string:")

print("Is string ends with thon:", a.endswith("thon")) print("Is string starts with good:", a.startswith("good")) print("Find:", a.find("ython"))

print("Count:", a.count(“o"))

Output:

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Enter any string : welcome to python

Is string ends with thon: True

Is string starts with good: False

Find: 12

Count: 3

String Methods

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• In Python 1.6 and later, most string operations are made available as string methods as well.

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• Many of the functions in the string module are simply wrapper functions that call the corresponding string method.

Mostly used string methods are:�

upper()

lower()

split()

join()

replace()

find()

count()

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Example

text = "Monty Python Flying Circus"

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# Perform various string operations directly on the string

print("Upper:", text.upper()) # Convert the string to uppercase

print("Lower:", text.lower()) # Convert the string to lowercase

print("Split:", text.split()) # Split the string into a list of words

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# Join the words in the list using '+' as the separator

print("Join:", "+".join(text.split()))

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# Replace occurrences of "Python" with "Java" in the string

print("Replace:", text.replace("Python", "Java"))

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# Find the index of the substring "Python" in the string

print("Find:", text.find("Python"))

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# Count the number of occurrences of the letter "n" in the string

print("Count:", text.count("n"))

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Output

Problem Solving and Python Programming

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Upper: “MONTY PYTHON FLYING CIRCUS”

Lower: “monty python flying circus”

Split: ["Monty", "Python", "Flying", "Circus"]

Join : Monty+Python+Flying+Circus Replace: Monty Java Flying Circus

Find: 7

Count: 3

Sample programs

1. Write a program to check given character is uppercase or lower case

2. Write a program to find a specific word in a given string and replace it with another word

3. Write a program to count the number of occurrence of specific character in a given string

4. Write a program to display the string in the following format

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Hi*Everyone* I *Love*Pyton

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• List is a sequence of values called items or elements.
• The elements can be of any data type.
• The list is a most versatile data type available in Python which can be written as a list of comma- separated values (items) between square brackets.
• List are mutable, meaning, their elements can be changed.

Method -1 without constructor

# empty list my_list = [ ]

# list of integers

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

# list with mixed datatypes my_list = [1, "Hello", 3.4]

# nested list

my_list = [“welcome", [8, 4, 6]]

Method-2 using list constructor

# empty list my_list = list()

# list of integers

my_list = list([1, 2, 3])

• In Python programming, a list is created by placing all the items (elements) inside a square bracket [ ], separated by commas.
• It can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, string etc.).

• Index operator [ ] is used to access an item in a list.
• List Index starts from 0

Example: marks=[90,80,50,70,60]

print(marks[0])

Output: 90

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Nested list:

my_list = [“welcome", [8, 4, 6]]

print(marks[1][0])

Output: 8

• Python allows negative indexing for its sequences.
• The index of - 1 refers to the last item, -2 to the second last item and so on

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my_list = ['p','r','o','b','e']

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print(my_list[-1])

#Output: e

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print(my_list[-5])

# Output: p

#Change Elements

​

​

>>> marks=[90,60,80]

>>> print(marks) [90, 60, 80]

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>>> marks[1]=100

>>> print(marks) [90, 100, 80]

#Add Elements

• add one item to a list using append() method
• add several items using extend()
• insert one item at a desired location by using the method insert()

>>> marks.append(50)

>>> print(marks) [90, 100, 80, 50]

>>> marks.extend([60,80,70])

>>> print(marks) [90, 100, 80, 50, 60, 80, 70]

>>> marks.insert(3,40)

>>> print(marks) [90, 100, 80, 40, 50, 60, 80, 70]

• delete one or more items from a list using the keyword del.
• It can even delete the list entirely.

>>> print(marks)

[90, 100, 80, 40, 50, 60, 80, 70]

>>> del marks[6]

>>> print(marks) [90, 100, 80, 40, 50, 60, 70]

>>> del marks

>>> print(marks)

Output: NameError: name 'marks' is not defined.

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• clear() method to empty a list.

>>> marks.clear()

>>> print(marks) # output [ ]

Difference b/w del and clear( )

del:

The del keyword in python deletes the objects.

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clear():

clear() erases the elements in the dictionary.

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• remove() method to remove the given item

>>> marks=[90,60,80]

>>> marks.remove(80)

>>> print(marks) [90, 60]

>>> marks.remove(100)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module> marks.remove(100)

ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list

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• pop() method to remove an item at the given index.

>>> marks=[100,20,30]

>>> marks.pop() #30 is deleted

>>> print(marks) [100, 20]

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>>> >>> marks.pop(0) #100 is deleted

>>> print(marks) [20]

number_list = []

n = int(input("Enter the list size "))

for i in range(0, n):

print("Enter number at index", i,)

item = int(input())

number_list.append(item)

print("User list is ", number_list)

Output:

Enter the list size 5

Enter number at index 0

55

Enter number at index 1

33

Enter number at index 2

77

Enter number at index 3

88

Enter number at index 4

1

User list is [55, 33, 77, 88, 1]

Program to receive the list elements and display

number_list = []

n = int(input("Enter the list size "))

for i in range(0, n):

print("Enter number at index", i, )

item = int(input())

number_list.append(item)

print("User list is ", number_list)

print("Sum = ", sum(number_list))

Output:

Enter the list size 4

Enter number at index 0

22

Enter number at index 1

11

Enter number at index 2

4

Enter number at index 3

6

User list is [22, 11, 4, 6]

Sum = 43

Program to receive the list elements and find the sum

• Slicing [::] (i.e list[start:stop:step]
• Concatenation = +
• Repetition= *
• Membership = in
• Identity = is

Shallow copy of a list using copy() method

list=[10,20,30]

new_list=list.copy()

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print(list) # [10, 20,30]

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print( new_list) #[10, 20,30]

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list.append(50)

print( list) #[10, 20,30, 50]

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print( new_list) #[10, 20,30]

• Tuples are very similar to lists, except that they are immutable (they cannot be changed).

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• They are created using parentheses, rather than square brackets.

• We generally use tuple for heterogeneous (different) datatypes and list for homogeneous (similar) datatypes.

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• Since tuple are immutable, iterating through tuple is faster than with list. So there is a slight performance boost.

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• A tuple is created by placing all the items (elements) inside a parentheses (), separated by comma.

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• The parentheses are optional but is a good practice to write it.

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• A tuple can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, list, string etc.).

• Creating a tuple with one element is a bit tricky.
• Having one element within parentheses is not enough.
• We will need a trailing comma to indicate that it is in fact a tuple.

• You can access the values in the tuple with their index, just as you did with lists
• nested tuple are accessed using nested indexing
• Negative indexing can be applied to tuples similar to lists.
• We can access a range of items in a tuple by using the slicing operator
• Trying to reassign a value in a tuple causes a TypeError.

• Unlike lists, tuples are immutable.
• This means that elements of a tuple cannot be changed once it has been assigned. But, if the element is itself a mutable datatype like list, its nested items can be changed. Example:

tup=(10,20,30,40)

tup[2]=50

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Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>

tup[2]=50

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

• Elements of a tuple cannot be changed once it has been assigned. But, if the element is itself a mutable datatype like list, its nested items can be changed.

Creating a Tuple from user Input in Python�

Examples:

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my_tuple = tuple(input('Enter space-separated words: ').split())

print(my_tuple)

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Output:

Enter space-separated words: 3 5 2 7 1

('3', '5', '2', '7', '1')

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Creating a Tuple from user Input in Python�

Examples:

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user_input = input('Enter space-separated integers: ')

my_tuple = tuple(int(item) for item in user_input.split())

print(my_tuple)

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Output:

Enter space-separated integers: 3 4 6 7

(3, 4, 6, 7)

Creating a Tuple from user Input in Python�

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user_input = input('Enter space-separated integers: ')

my_tuple = tuple(int(item) for item in user_input.split())

print(my_tuple)

c=my_tuple[0]+my_tuple[1]

print(“Result=“,c)

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Output:

Enter space-separated integers: 3 4 6 7

(3, 4, 6, 7)

Result=7

Similar to List,

• We can use + operator to combine two tuples. This is also called concatenation.
• We can also repeat the elements in a tuple for a given number of times using the * operator.
• Both + and * operations result into a new tuple.

• We cannot change the elements in a tuple. That also means we cannot delete or remove items from a tuple.
• But deleting a tuple entirely is possible using the keyword del.

• Methods that add items or remove items are not available with tuple. Only the following two methods are available.

• We can test if an item exists in a tuple or not, using the keyword in.

• Using a for loop we can iterate though each item in a tuple.

Try all the built-in functions with example.

Example

Converting list to tuple and tuple to list

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tup=(10,20,30)

print(list(tup)) # [10, 20, 30]

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print(tuple(tup)) #(10, 20, 30)

1. Write a program to find maximum and minimum in a given tuple
2. Write a program to find sum of values in a given tuple using function
3. Write a program to sort the tuple using sort() and sorted() methods

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​

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user_input = input('Enter space-separated integers: ')

my_tuple = tuple(int(item) for item in user_input.split())

print(my_tuple)

print(max(my_tuple))

print(min(my_tuple))

def summation(test_tup):

    # Initializing count

    count = 0

    for i in test_tup:

        count += i

    return count

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# Initializing test_tup

test_tup = (5, 20, 3, 7, 6, 8)

print(summation(test_tup))

tuple_ = (5, 2, 24, 3, 1, 6, 7)  

sorted_ = tuple(sorted(tuple_))  

print('Sorted Tuple :', sorted_)  

print(type(sorted_)) 

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OR

tuple_ = ('Itika', 'Arshia', 'Peter', 'Parker')  

list(tuple_).sort()   

print(tuple_)  

print(type(tuple_)) 

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• Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

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• Set is one of 4 built-in data types in Python used to store collections of data

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• A set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*, and unindexed.

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• Set items are unchangeable, but you can remove items and add new items.

• A set is created by placing all the elements inside curly braces { }, separated by comma or by using the built-in function set().

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• The elements can be of different types (integer, float, tuple, string etc.).

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• But a set cannot have a mutable element, like list, set or dictionary, as its element.

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• Set items are unordered, unchangeable, and do not allow duplicate values.
• Example:

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set={1,1,2,2,3}

print(set)

Output:

{1, 2, 3}

The values True and 1 are considered the same value in sets, and are treated as duplicates:

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Example:

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set={"apple", "banana", "cherry", True, 1, 2}��print(set)

Output:

{True, 2, 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple'}

A set can contain elements of different type

A set cannot contain lists.

• Since sets are unordered, indexing have no meaning.

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• We cannot access or change an element of set using indexing or slicing.

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• We can add single element using the add() method and multiple elements using the update() method.

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• The update() method can take tuples, lists, strings or other sets as its argument.

• A particular item can be removed from set using methods, discard() and remove().

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• using discard() if the item does not exist in the set, it remains unchanged.

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• But remove() will raise an error in such condition.

• We can test if an item exists in a set or not, using the in operator.

• To determine how many items a set has, use the len() function.

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• Example:

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thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print(len(thisset))

Get the Length of a Set using len()

• Sets can be used to carry out mathematical set operations like union, intersection, difference and symmetric difference.
• We can do this with operators or methods.

Create 3 lists namely TCS, Infosys, Wipro with some set of students in each list. Convert the lists to set. Now print the students placed in any of these companies with count.

• A dictionary is a kind of data structure that stores items in key-value pairs.
• A key is a unique identifier for an item, and a value is the data associated with that key.

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• A dictionary has a key: value pair.

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• Dictionaries are optimized to retrieve values when the key is known.

• Creating a dictionary is as simple as placing items inside curly braces {} separated by comma.
• Each element in a dictionary is represented by a key:value pair.
• While values can be of any data type and can repeat, keys must be of immutable type and must be unique.

3

3

• While indexing is used with other container types to access values, dictionary uses keys.
• Key can be used either inside square brackets or with the get() method.

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• The difference while using get() is that it returns None instead of KeyError, if the key is not found.

3

• Dictionary are mutable. We can add new items or change the value of existing items using assignment operator.

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• If the key is already present, value gets updated, else a new key: value pair is added to the dictionary.

• We can remove a particular item in a dictionary by using the method pop(). This method removes as item with the provided key and returns the value.

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• All the items can be removed at once using the clear() method.

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• We can also use the del keyword to remove individual items or the entire dictionary itself.

• The method, popitem() can be used to remove and return an arbitrary item (key, value) form the dictionary.
• Raises KeyError if the dictionary is empty.

• To remove a entry from dictionary, we can use del method.
• Remove norway
• del (countryCapitals[‘norway’])

• # Definition of country and capital
• countries=['france', 'germany', 'norway', 'india']
• capitals = ['paris', 'berlin', 'oslo','delhi']
• I would like to print the capital of germany.

​

# Get index of 'germany': ind_ger

# Use ind_ger to print out capital of Germany

• We can test if a key is in a dictionary or not using the keyword in. Notice that membership test is for keys only, not for values.

• Using a for loop we can iterate through each key in a dictionary.

Output:

Maths

Science

Social

Output:

maths : 45

science : 23

social : 55

• If you know how to access a dictionary, you can also assign a new value to it. To add a new key-value pair to countryCapitals, you can use something like this:

countryCapitals[‘india’] = ‘delhi’

• Create a dictionary for a country with their capital. Write a code to search for a country , if present display the capital else a message saying not present

• Dictionaries can contain key:value pairs where the values are again dictionaries.

Files

• File is a named location on disk to store related information.
• Data for python program can come from difference sources such as keyboard, text file, web server, database.
• Files are one such sources which can be given as input to the python program. Hence handling files in right manner is very important.

​

• Primarily there are two types of files
• Text files : A text file can be thought of as a sequence of lines without any images, tables etc. These files can be create by using some text editors.

• Binary files : These files are capable of storing text, image, video, audio, database files, etc which contains the data in the form of bits.

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• To perform read or write operation on a file, first file must be opened.
• A file can be opened using a built-in function open( ).
• Syntax:

fhand= open(“filename”, “mode”)

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• fhand -> It is a reference to a file object, which acts as a handler for all further operations on files.

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​

Opening files

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OR

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​

​

​

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fhand = open('c:/users/roopa/desktop/sample.txt')

fhand = open(‘sample.txt’)

Print(fhand)

Reading files�

• There are several ways to read the contents of the file

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1. using the file handle as the sequence in for loop.

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2. The second way of reading a text file loads the entire file into a string :�

You can read the whole file into one string using the read method on the file handle.

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Letting the user choose the file name�

fname =input('Enter the file name: ‘)

fhand = open(fname)

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Writing files

write a file, you have to open it with mode “w” as a second parameter:

​

fout = open('output.txt', 'w’)

print(fout)

<_io.TextIOWrapper name='output.txt’

mode='w' encoding='cp1252’>

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• If the file already exists, opening it in write mode clears

out the old data and starts fresh, If the file doesn’t exist, a

new one is created.

​

line1 = “Hello,How are you\n"

fout.write(line1)

​

​

Closing a file:

fout.close( )

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Append mode

When the file is opened in append mode, the handle is positioned at the end of the file. The data being written will be inserted at the end, after the existing data. 

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# Append-adds at last

file1 = open("myfile.txt", "a") # append mode

file1.write("Today \n")

file1.close()

PYTHON-INHERITANCE

What is Inheritance

Inheritance is the ability to ‘inherit’ features or attributes from already

attributes are defined data structures and the functions we

written classes into newer classes we make. These features and

can

perform with them, a.k.a. Methods. It promotes code reusability, which is considered one of the best industrial coding practices as it makes the codebase modular.

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In python inheritance, new class/es inherits from older class/es. The new class/es copies all the older class's functions and attributes without rewriting the syntax in the new class/es. These new classes are called derived classes, and old ones are called base classes.

Types of Inheritance in Python

1. Single Inheritance
2. Multiple Inheritance
3. Multi Level Inheritance
4. Hierarchical Inheritance in Python
5. Hybrid Inheritance in Python

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Parent1 -> Child1 : Single Inheritance

Parent1 -> Child1 -> Child2 : Multi – Level Inheritance Parent1 -> Child2 <- Parent2 : Multiple Inheritance

Single Inheritance in python

Single Inheritance is the simplest form of inheritance where a single child class is derived from a single parent class. Due to its candid nature, it is also known as Simple Inheritance.

Single Inheritance Example

Multiple Inheritance in Python

In multiple inheritance, a single child class is inherited from two or more parent classes. It means the child class has access to all the parent classes' methods and attributes.

Multiple Inheritance Example

Multilevel Inheritance in Python

In multilevel inheritance, we go beyond just a parent-child relation. We introduce grandchildren, great-grandchildren, grandparents, etc. We have seen only two levels of inheritance with a superior parent class/es and a derived class/es, but here we can have multiple levels where the parent class/es itself is derived from another class/es.

Example for MultiLevel Inheritance

Hierarchical Inheritance

Hierarchical Inheritance is the right opposite of multiple inheritance. It means that, there are multiple derived child classes from a single parent class.

Example for Hierarchical Inheritance

Hybrid Inheritance in Python

Hybrid Inheritance is the mixture of two or more different types of inheritance. Here we can have many relationships between parent and child classes with multiple levels.

Example for Hybrid Inheritance

Advantage of Inheritance in Python

Increases modularity, i.e., breaking down codebase into modules, making it easier to understand. Here, each class we define becomes a separate module that can be inherited separately by one or many classes.

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Code Reusability: the child class copies all the attributes and methods of the parent class into its class and use. It saves time and coding effort by not rewriting them, thus following modularity paradigms.

Modular Codebase:

Less Development and Maintenance Costs:

changes need to be made in the base class; all

derived classes will automatically follow.

Disadvantage of Inheritance in Python

Decreases the Execution Speed: loading multiple classes because they are interdependent

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Tightly Coupled Classes: this means that even though parent classes can be executed independently, child classes cannot be executed without defining their parent classes.