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Hippocrates

Men think epilepsy divine, merely because they do not understand it. We will one day understand what causes it, and then cease to call it divine. And so it is with everything in the universe.

Www.azquotes.com/quotes/topics/epilepsy.html

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Reflex Epilepsy & The Value of Unique Activation Methods in the EMU

ASET 2025 - NEW ORLEANS

Www.PNDPocketNeuroDiagnostics.com

Petra N. Davidson, BS, R. EEG/EP T., CLTM, FASET

Owner of PND Pocket Neurodiagnostics, LLC

Staff Technologist at Northeast Georgia Physician’s Group, Buford, GA

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Reflex Epilepsy and the Value of Unique Activation Methods in the Monitoring Unit

Your Handouts

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Reflex Epilepsy and the Value of Unique Activation Methods in the Monitoring Unit

Summarize the lecture.

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Reflex Epilepsy and the Value of Unique Activation Methods in the Monitoring Unit

ASET Annual Conference 2025

New Orleans, LA

Petra N. Davidson, BS, R. EEG/EP T., CLTM, FASET

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Reflex Seizure Type	Visual/ Photosensitive	Musicogenic or Audiogenic	Hot Water/ Bathing	Reading	Praxis	Somatosensory	Eating	Proprioceptive	Orgasm
Provocation Stimuli	Specific light, pattern, or sequence of lights	Specific song or sound	Hot water to the head or submersed	Specific passage/ text	Mahjong, Chess, Math	Legos, Diaper Changing, or other tactile stimuli	Specific smell/ taste	Single type of movement, walking, running, jumping	Only to sexual orgasm
Primary Ideal Treatment	Avoidance Modification Valproic Acid	Avoidance Carbamazepine or lamotrigine	Modification Clobazam	Modified Valproic Acid or clonazepam	Avoidance Modification Sodium Valproate	Focal seizure medications: lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine	Modification Clobazam	Insulin therapy Carbamazepine or clobazam	Focal seizure meds or surgery
Associated Epilepsy Syndromes	JME, CAE, JAE, IGE, IPOE, PME, DS	Epileptogenic lesions with ADTLE	None	GGE, JME	GGE	MCD, post-central cortical lesions	Epileptogenic lesions	Acquired lesions; non-ketotic hyperglycemia, acute diffuse encephalopathies	Acquired lesions

Reflex Epilepsy & The Value of Unique Activation Methods in the EMU

ASET – NOLA 2025

Davidson

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Reflex Seizure Type	Visual/ Photosensitive	Musicogenic or Audiogenic	Hot Water/ Bathing	Reading	Praxis	Somatosensory	Eating	Proprioceptive	Orgasm
Seizure Type	Absence, myoclonia, GTCS, focal- occipital	Temporal lobe	Focal	Jaw myoclonus, to GTCS	Myoclonia, absence, GTCS	Sensory aura, Jacksonian sz with tonic motor activity, 2nd gen	Focal w/wo impaired awareness	Myoclonic or somatosensory szs, Focal to Bilateral	Focal
Regional			Southern India and Turkey		Mahjong -Asia		Sri Lanka
Gender predominance	Female	Females	Male	Male	N/A	N/A	Male	N/A	Female
Prevalence	1/4000	1/10,000,000	Rare	Rare	Overlaps with JME	Rare	1/1000	Rare	VERY rare

Reflex Epilepsy & The Value of Unique Activation Methods in the EMU

ASET – NOLA 2025

Davidson

8 of 83

Petra N Davidson, BS, R. EEG/EP T., CLTM, FASET

EEG Board prep

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Reflex Epilepsy and the Value of Unique Activation Methods in the Monitoring Unit

Petra N. Davidson, BS, R. EEG/EP T., CLTM, FASET
Owner, Pocket Neurodiagnostics, LLC, www.PNDPocketNeuroDiagnostics.com
PocketEEG@gmail.com

6/11/2025

9

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On to the presentation

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About Pocket NeuroDiagnostics, LLC

Pocket Neurodiagnostics LLC

EEG and LTM Board Prep
Personalized Study Plans
Study Tools

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Reflex Epilepsy & The Value of Unique Activation Methods in the EMU

Reflex Seizures and Epilepsies - what are they, how are they defined?

1

What types of reflex seizures have been identified?

2

How do we elicit reflex seizures and epilepsies in the clinic, EMU, ICU, wherever we need?

3

Treatment methods and how to evaluate them during monitoring.

4

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Reflex Epilepsy and the Value of Unique Activation Methods in the Monitoring Unit

Your Handout

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Reflex Epilepsy and the Value of Unique Activation Methods in the Monitoring Unit

What are Reflex Seizures?

Types of Reflex Seizures

Eliciting Reflex Seizures

Treatment methods & evaluation

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Reflex Seizures

Italiano et al, 2014:

Reflex seizures are:

epileptic events
triggered by specific motor, sensory, or cognitive stimulation
can be generalized or focal

Italiano et al, 2016:

Reflex seizures in humans:

visual in 10% children, 5% adults
reading can be familial
occur in a variety of animals

Each patient tends to have just 1 type of reflex seizure but may have other seizures as well.

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Reflex Seizures

Italiano et al, 2014:

Reflex seizures are:

epileptic events
triggered by specific motor, sensory, or cognitive stimulation
can be generalized or focal

Italiano et al, 2016:

Reflex seizures in humans:

visual in 10% children, 5% adults
reading can be familial
occur in a variety of animals

Each patient tends to have just 1 type of reflex seizure but may have other seizures as well.

Reflex Epilepsy

4-7%of all epileptic patients have reflex epilepsy.

Okudan and Ozkara 2018

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Reflex Seizures

Italiano et al, 2014:

Reflex seizures are:

epileptic events
triggered by specific motor, sensory, or cognitive stimulation
can be generalized or focal

Italiano et al, 2016:

Reflex seizures in humans:

visual in 10% children, 5% adults
reading can be familial
occur in a variety of animals

Each patient tends to have just 1 type of reflex seizure but may have other seizures as well.

Reflex Epilepsy

4-7%of all epileptic patients have reflex epilepsy.

Okudan and Ozkara 2018

Photic Induced

Photosensitive epilepsy occurs in 2-5% of all epileptic patients.

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Reflex Seizures

Italiano et al, 2014:

Reflex seizures are:

epileptic events
triggered by specific motor, sensory, or cognitive stimulation
can be generalized or focal

Italiano et al, 2016:

Reflex seizures in humans:

visual in 10% children, 5% adults
reading can be familial
occur in a variety of animals

Each patient tends to have just 1 type of reflex seizure but may have other seizures as well.

Reflex Epilepsy

4-7%of all epileptic patients have reflex epilepsy.

Okudan and Ozkara 2018

Photic Induced

Photosensitive epilepsy occurs in 2-5% of all epileptic patients.

Regional

Less than 1% of all epileptic patients have hot water epilepsy, however, HWE occurs 3.6-6.9% in Southern India.

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Reflex Seizures

What & How

A seizure is...

01

a transient (fleeting) occurrence of

symptoms (things the patient feels) and/or sign (things witnesses see)

due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

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Reflex Seizures

What & How

A reflex seizure is ...

01

a transient (fleeting) occurrence of

symptoms (things the patient feels) and/or sign (things witnesses see)

due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

elicited by a very specific trigger, often in a specific environment with other conditional changes.

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Reflex Seizures

What & How

The only reflex seizure included in the 2021 ILAE nosology is...

01

EwRIS, epilepsy with reading induced seizures

the only reflex seizure to have consistent electroclinical features, etiologies, and prognosis.

https://www.ilae.org/files/dmfile/onset-at-a-variable-age2.pdf

ILAE Position Statement on Variable Age Onset Epilepsy Syndromes

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Reflex Seizures & Epilepsies

Both must be elicited by a specific trigger consistently.

Both must fit the definition of seizures and/or epilepsy.

Reflex Seizures

Hanif and Musick, 2021 - epileptic events that are objectively and consistently elicited in response to a specific stimulus or by a patient activity.

Reflex Epilepsy

Hanif and Musick, 2021 - specific syndrome in which ALL seizures are elicited by sensory stimuli.

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Reflex Seizures

Types

02

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Types of Reflex Seizures

Elementary

or

Complex

Basic stimulus

simple flash of light

single tone sound

tap/simple touch

smell/taste

Detailed stimulus

Patterned fabric

Musical composition

Tickle/Massage

(no documented variety)

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Types of Reflex Seizures

Somatosensory

Legos

Diaper Changes

Touch

Somatosensory Stimuli

Orgasm

Only to orgasms

Gustatory

Eating

Other

Dental treatment

Startle Induced

Hot Water

Bathing

Reading

Speaking

Writing

Language Activities

Praxis

Thinking

Math

Chess

Auditory

Musicogenic

Elementary sounds

Visual

Photosensitivity

Reading

Sunlight

Complex Patterns

Olfactory

Coffee

Paint

Complex smells

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Reflex Epilepsy and the Value of Unique Activation Methods in the Monitoring Unit

Your Handout

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Reflex Epilepsy & The Value of Unique Activation Methods in the EMU

ASET – NOLA 2025

Davidson

Photosensitive Types

Light induced
Television Induced
Video Games induced
Pattern Induced
Sunflower/Self Induced

Musicogenic Types

Elementary

Ring, Buzz, Tone

Complex

Composition
Song
Specific singer

Reading Types

Actually, Language Induced

Writing
Speaking
Reading

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Reflex Epilepsy & The Value of Unique Activation Methods in the EMU

ASET – NOLA 2025

Davidson

Eating Types

Olfactory stim
Gastric distention
Oral stim
Pharynx stim
High carbs
Coffee

Bathing Types

Hot water to head
Hot water to body
Water over head

Somatosensory Types

Rubbing
Diaper change
Tooth brushing
Touching
Tapping
Pricking
Ear (auricle) stim

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Reflex Epilepsy & The Value of Unique Activation Methods in the EMU

ASET – NOLA 2025

Davidson

Thinking Types

Calculations
Making decisions
Abstract reasoning
Playing Chess
Cards
Complex drawing

Praxis Types

Drawing
Playing cards
Mahjong
Rubik’s cube
Written calculations
Spatial construction

Proprioception Types

Change in posture or movement
Gait

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Photosensitive Epilepsy

highly heritable

stimuli includes: sunshine, strobe lights, TV, video games, patterned fabric, candle lights

high prevalence in Papio Papio Baboons

more frequent in women

occurs in following Epilepsy Syndromes:

Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (JME, CAE, JAE)

Jeavon's Syndrome

Eyelid Myoclonic with Absences

Dravet Syndrome

Unverricht-Lundborg Disease

Lafora Disease

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses

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Musicogenic Epilepsy

Complex version of audiogenic epilepsy

elicited by singing, reading music, mentally singing, or hearing specific musical compositions

etiologies include: FCD, type 1 and 2, astrocytoma, demyelinating lesions, autoimmune encephalitis, and anti-GAD encephalitis

According to Bratu and colleagues, 2023, musicogenic epilepsy occurs in about 1 in 10 million people. Etiologies for musicogenic epilepsy are vast including: focal cortical dysplasia type 1, astrocytoma, demyelinating lesions, autoimmune encephalitis, focal cortical dysplasia type 2, and anti-GAD abs encephalitis.

Musicogenic epilepsy can be differentiated from audiogenic seizures by the complexity of the stimulus. Audiogenic typically begin early in life and musicogenic tend to start after age 25.

Pelliccia et al in their article, Musicogenic epilepsy: A stereo electroencephalography study, from 2019, report on a 27-year-old woman with both spontaneous and musicogenic induced seizures, after a right temporal antero-mesial resection the patient became seizure free. This patient would experience seizures from singing, mentally singing, or hearing the specific music.

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Reading Epilepsy

Can be simple or complex (primary or secondary)

orofacial myoclonus

temporoparietal region of the dominant hemisphere

can elicit focal to bilateral tonic clonic seizures

more common in men than women

more common in adolescence

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Eating-Induced

1 in 1,000-2,000 epileptics
more often in men
more often in Sri Lanka
Lesional, focal epilepsy
Linked to the MECP2 gene
Most often focal impaired awareness seizures
Most often meals rich in carbohydrates
Most often correlating with temporal lobe EEG changes and imaging abnormalities

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Hot Water or Bathing

Higher prevalence in India or Turkey
Strong male predominance
Linked to 10q21.3-q22.3 and 4q24-q28, Synapsin 1 GPR56
Focal aware emotional seizures; intense pleasure/desire leading to LOC
NO associated syndromes

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Orgasm

Female predominance
No genetic links
Focal seizures
Linked to lesions often

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Somatosensory

Rare, no gender predominance
No known genetic links
Sensory aura followed by a sensory Jacksonian march, may proceed to a bilateral tonic clonic
Can occur with malformations of cortical development

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Noogenic

Overlaps with JME and other GGE
No specific gene links
Myoclonic, absence, and GTCs
Associated with GGE

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Math

Overlaps with JME
Generalized myoclonic jerks, absences, GTCs
IGE

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Startle

Rare
Equal in males and females
Brief axial tonic or hemi tonic and atonic seizures
Early acquired cerebral lesions, brain malformations, metabolic disease, and/or chromosomal disorders
None or overlap with disease
Clobazam or other partial epilepsy medication

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Praxis

complex cognition guided tasks with visuomotor coordination AND decision making (often stressful)
Strongly linked to genetic generalized epilepsies, JME
Male predominance
Typically upper extremity myoclonus
Onset - second decade of life
Delay of up to several minutes prior to seizure from onset of activity
Majority of patients (76%) also have spontaneous seizures
Focus - dominant parietal cortex

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Proprioception

Very rare
Typically found in non-ketotic hyperglycemia, therefore reversible
Focal seizures in the sensorimotor area of the contralateral hemisphere
Unlike other movement induced seizures, these occur due to sense of self movement and body position changes.

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Reflex Seizures

Eliciting them in the lab

Goldilocks' principle

03

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May require precise conditions in both the patient and the environment
May require repeating the stimulation in different manners

Eliciting RS/RE in the lab

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Eliciting RS/RE

Elicitation of RS/RE is going to depend on:

patient state,
environment, and
type of stimuli.

1

First event, all details about events, most recent event, treatments attempted

2

3

Thorough history

Common time of day, common situations common sounds/sights/smells/tastes/activities

Identifying common scenarios

Encouraging sleep deprivation, known stressors, presenting all possible stimulants

Replicating situation

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Photosensitive Epilepsy

Stimuli types:

television,
video games,
patterns,
candles,
self induced,
fixation off,
scotosensitive

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Musicogenic Epilepsy

Stimuli types:

If audiogenic - a single tone/note/sound
a specific song,
a specific singer,
a composition

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Reading Epilepsy

Stimuli:

reading in head only,
reading aloud,
other language based tasks such as writing, forming sentences

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Eating-Induced

Sight of cutlery
high carbohydrate meals
eating too quickly
chewing
breastfeeding
sight, smell, or even thought of food

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Hot Water or Bathing

Hot water poured over head
Submerged in hot water
Bathing in hot water

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Orgasm

Upon orgasm or shortly thereafter IF accompanied by sleep deprivation or fatigue

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Somatosensory

prolonged contact, rubbing or tapping of a specific area of a limb
diaper changing
light, unexpected touch in very specific areas of the body for the individual patient

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Noogenic

Stimuli include:

calculation,
drawing,
playing card games,
chess,
decision making,
abstract reasoning,
planning

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Math

Typically very specific equations or calculations per patient
Can be written, oral, or word problems

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Startle

Unexpected, sudden presentation of a stimulus

Auditory
Tactile
Visual

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Praxis

Intense, complex, visuomotor coordination AND decision making tasks

Chess
Mahjong
Checkers
Games with betting

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Elicitation Protocol

Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Elicitation Protocol

Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Elicitation Protocol

Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Elicitation Protocol

Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Elicitation Protocol

Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Okuma et al 1980

Constructional Praxis

Spontaneous drawing
Sketching maps
Copying figures
Matchstick pattern reproduction
Block Design Test (WAIS)
Making plastic models

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Elicitation Protocol

Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Okuma et al 1980

Constructional Praxis

Spontaneous drawing
Sketching maps
Copying figures
Matchstick pattern reproduction
Block Design Test (WAIS)
Making plastic models

Other Tests

Finger Tapping
Fine finger movement (tremolo)
Use a screw driver
Bourdon cancelation test
Undoing puzzle rings
Hand, eye, and ear test (H Head)
Finger gnosia test
Dressing
Color classification
Humming
Singing

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Constructional Praxis

Spontaneous drawing
Sketching maps
Copying figures
Matchstick pattern reproduction
Block Design Test (WAIS)
Making plastic models

Other Tests

Finger Tapping
Fine finger movement (tremolo)
Use a screw driver
Bourdon cancelation test
Undoing puzzle rings
Hand, eye, and ear test (H Head)
Finger gnosia test
Dressing
Color classification
Humming
Singing

Elicitation Protocol

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

Uchida-Kraepelin

Test

Test used to asses ability to learn & personality, induce stress

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Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Constructional Praxis

Spontaneous drawing
Sketching maps
Copying figures
Matchstick pattern reproduction
Block Design Test (WAIS)
Making plastic models

Other Tests

Finger Tapping
Fine finger movement (tremolo)
Use a screw driver
Bourdon cancelation test
Undoing puzzle rings
Hand, eye, and ear test (H Head)
Finger gnosia test
Dressing
Color classification
Humming
Singing

Elicitation Protocol

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Constructional Praxis

Spontaneous drawing
Sketching maps
Copying figures
Matchstick pattern reproduction
Block Design Test (WAIS)
Making plastic models

Other Tests

Finger Tapping
Fine finger movement (tremolo)
Use a screw driver
Bourdon cancelation test
Undoing puzzle rings
Hand, eye, and ear test (H Head)
Finger gnosia test
Dressing
Color classification
Humming
Singing

Elicitation Protocol

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Constructional Praxis

Spontaneous drawing
Sketching maps
Copying figures
Matchstick pattern reproduction
Block Design Test (WAIS)
Making plastic models

Other Tests

Finger Tapping
Fine finger movement (tremolo)
Use a screw driver
Bourdon cancelation test
Undoing puzzle rings
Hand, eye, and ear test (H Head)
Finger gnosia test
Dressing
Color classification
Humming
Singing

Elicitation Protocol

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

Bourdon Cancellation Test

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Writing

Spontaneous
Dictation
Copying
Spontaneous blindfolded
Dictation blindfolded
Dictation by food
Roman letters & English

Speaking

Spontaneous
Reading aloud
Repeating

Other Verbal

Reading silently
Visualizing letters
Making sentences in the mind

Calculation

Calculation with hands
Mental calculation
Calculation w/abacus
Calculation w/calculator

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division

Uchida-Kraepelin's Psychodiagnostics test

Constructional Praxis

Spontaneous drawing
Sketching maps
Copying figures
Matchstick pattern reproduction
Block Design Test (WAIS)
Making plastic models

Other Tests

Finger Tapping
Fine finger movement (tremolo)
Use a screw driver
Bourdon cancelation test
Undoing puzzle rings
Hand, eye, and ear test (H Head)
Finger agnosia test
Dressing
Color classification
Humming
Singing

Elicitation Protocol

Okuma et al 1980

Praxis Induction by Yacubian and Wolf 2014

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Proprioception

active or passive movement
intention to move
typically only when non-ketotic hyperglycemia

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Reflex Seizures

Monitoring the Treatment

Okudan and Ozkara provide a list of the individual treatments for each of these 9 major types of reflex seizures.

04

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Treatment

Modification

Avoidance

Medication/Surgery

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Photosensitive Epilepsy

Stimulus Avoidance if possible
Colored lenses - dependent on patient
Valproic Acid
Lamotrigine and Levetiracetam if needed

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Musicogenic Epilepsy

Stimulus avoidance if possible
Focal seizure medication if needed

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Reading Epilepsy

Stimulus avoidance (interrupt the flow of reading)
Valproic Acid (first choice)
Levetiracetam or Clonazepam (second choice)

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Eating-Induced

Stimulus modification

smaller meals
avoiding carbs/offending food

Medication for focal seizures
Clobazam prior to a meal
Surgery if lesion is present

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Hot Water or Bathing

Stimulus avoidance/modification

Shortened bath
cooler water
not pouring over the head

Benzodiazepines as needed

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Orgasm

Medication
Surgery if lesion is present

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Somatosensory

Focal seizure medication
Surgery if lesion is present

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Noogenic

Use same medication as with Genetic Generalized Epilepsies

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Math

Typically use same medication as with Genetic Generalized Epilepsies

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Startle

Complete seizure control is not typically possible
Valproic Acid works for a long period of time
Carbamazepine, if focal lesions present
Levetiracetam is also useful
Surgery if focal lesions are present.

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Praxis

Same medication as Genetic Generalized Epilepsies

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Proprioception

Medication for focal seizures

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Thank You

For 25 years, I’ve enjoyed ASET and Neurodiagnostics.

For more than 15 years, I’ve loved reading and writing for our journal. And for nearly a year, I’ve been enthralled in mentoring board prep through my own business. You never know where this can take you. Thanks!!

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Contact

Www.PNDpocketneurodiagnostics.com

PocketEEG@gmail.com

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