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THERMAL POWER PLANT

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.SASIKALA

AP/ECE/KEC

R.Sasikala AP/ECE/KEC

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THERMAL POWER PLANT�

  • A Generating Station which converts Heat Energy into an Electrical Energy is called Thermal Power Station.

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  • The Steam Power Plant, Diesel Power Plant, The Gas Turbine Power Plant and the Nuclear Power Plant are called Thermal Power Plant

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  • In the Boiler house the fuel is burnt and water is converted into steam at high pressure which is further superheated in a super heater.

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  • The super Heated steam is passed in to the turbine which converts heat energy into a mechanical energy. The pressure of the steam decreases and its volume increases.

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  • After imparting energy to the turbine, the cold water passes out the turbine blades into the condenser.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT

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  • Produce Electrical Energy from the heat released by the combustion of the coal, oil or natural gas.(i.e., Heat Energy to Electrical Energy)

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(A) STEAM POWER PLANT

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LAYOUT OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT

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MAIN PARTS OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT

  1. River or Canal
  2. Circulating Water Pump
  3. Condenser
  4. Heater
  5. Economizer
  6. Boiler
  7. Superheater
  8. Turbine
  9. Generator

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THERMAL POWER PLANT�

  • In the condenser the cold water is circulated with the help of a pump which condenses the low-pressure wet steam.
  • This condensed water is further supplied to the low-pressure water heater where the low-pressure steam supplied from the turbine causes the temperature of the feed water to increase.
  • It is again heated in the High-Pressure Heater where the High Pressure steam is used for heating.
  • .The method of taking out steam from the turbines for feedwater heating is called Bleeding of Turbines, which increases the overall efficiency of the boiler.
  • The steam turbine acts as the prime mover of the synchronous generator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT

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DERIVATION TO CALCULATE THE AVERAGE LOAD

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AVERAGE LOAD ON THERMAL POWER STATION

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A THERMAL-POWER PLANT�

  • Advantages:
    • 1. The Fuel used is Quite Cheap.
    • 2.Less Initial Cost as Compared to other Generating Station.
    • 3.It Requires Less Space.
    • 4.The Cost of Generation is less.

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  • Dis-Advantages:
    • 1.It Pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large amount of Smokes and fumes.
    • 2.It Running Cost is Very High.

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LOCATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

  • 1. Vindhyanchal, Madhya Pradesh
  • 2. Mundra Power Station, Gujarat
  • 3. Mundra Ultra Mega Power Plant, Gujarat
  • 4.Talcher Super Thermal Power Station, Odisha
  • 5. Sipat Thermal Power, Chattisgarh
  • 6. NTPC Dadri, Uttar Pradesh
  • 7. NTPC Ramagudam, Andhra Pradesh
  • 8. Korba Super Thermal Power Station, Chattisgarh
  • 9. Rihand Thermal Power Station, Uttar Pradesh
  • 10. Jharsugda Thermal power station, Odisha

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT�

  • A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor.

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  • Nuclear Power plant converts Nuclear Energy into electrical Energy.

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  • In a nuclear power plant heavy elements such as Uranium (U235) and Thorium (PU239 ), are subjected to nuclear fission in a special apparatus called a reactor.

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  • As is typical of thermal power stations, heat energy released is used to generate and raise the steam at high temperature and pressure that drives a steam turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity.

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  • Here, the heat energy required to produce steam is obtained from the nuclear fission carried out in the nuclear reactor.

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  • Materials Undergo Nuclear Fission:
    • Uranium (U235) and Thorium(PU239 ), These are the two heaviest materials existing on earth.

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LAYOUT OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT�

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT�

  • Nuclear Plant consists of the:
    • Nuclear Reactor,
    • Steam Turbine, and
    • A.C Generator. 
    • Coolant circulating pump,
    • Heat Exchanger,
    • Feed Pump,
    • Condenser,

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    • The Most important feature of Nuclear power Plant:
        • Huge amount of electrical energy can be produced from a relatively small amount of nuclear fuel as compared to other conventional type of power plants.
        • It has been found that, Heat energy obtained from fission of 1Kg of uranium is equivalent to that obtained from burning 4500 tonnes of high grade coal.

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NUCLEAR REACTOR�

  • An apparatus in which nuclear fuel is subjected to nuclear Fission.
  • It controls the chain reaction that starts once the fission is done. If the chain reactionnis not controlled the result will be an explosion due to the fast increase in energy Released.

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  • Laginnappe:
    • There are Six Types of Nuclear reactors are available:
    • Magnox, AGR, PWR, BWR, CANDU and RBMK

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NUCLEAR REACTOR�

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NUCLEAR REACTOR�

  • The Moderator:
  • The Moderator consists of a graphite rods which enclose the fuel rods.
  • The moderator slows down the neutrons before they bombard the fuel rods.

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  • Control Rods:
    • The control rods are of cadmium and are inserted into the reactor.
    • Cadmium is a strong neutron absorber and regulates the supply of neutrons for fission.
    • When control rods are pushed deep enough, they absorb most of the fission neutrons and hence few are available for the chain reaction which therefore stops.
    • However they are withdrawn more and more of these fission neutrons cause fission and hence the intensity of chain reaction is increased.
    • Therefore, by pulling out the control rods power of the nuclear reactor is increased whereas by pushing them in, it is reduced.
    • In Actual practice, the lowering and raising of control rods is accompalished automatically according to the requirement of load.

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NUCLEAR REACTOR�

  • Coolant:
    • The heat produced in the reactor is removed by the coolant, generally a sodium Metal. The coolant carries the heat to the heat exchanger.

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  • Heat Exchanger:
    • The Coolant gives up heat to the heat exchanger which is utilized in raising the steam. After giving up th heat coolant is again fed to the reactor.

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  • Steam Turbine:
    • The steam produced in the heat exchanger is fed to the steam turbine through a valve.
    • After doing useful work in the turbine, the steam is exhausted to the condenser. The condenser condenses the steam which is fed to the heat exchanger through the feed water pump.

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  • Alternator:

The steam turbine drives the alternator which converts the mechanical energy in to an electrical energy.

The output of the alternator is delivered to the bus-bars through the transformers and the circuit breakers and isolators.

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DERIVATION TO CALCULATE OUTPUT POWER

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ADVANTAGESOF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

  • Advantages:

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    • 1.The amount of Fuel Required is quite small and no Fuel Handling. Therefore, there is a considerable saving in the cost of fuel Transportation.

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    • 2. It Requires less space compared to other Power plants.

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    • 3. It has low Running Charges.

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    • 4. This type of plant is very economical for producing bulk electric power.

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    • 5. It ensures reliability of operation.

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ADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

  • Advantages:

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    • 6. Well suited for large demands.

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    • 7. It gives better performance at high load factor 80 to 90%.

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    • 8. Power plants not affected by adverse weather conditions.

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    • 9. Water required is less.

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    • 10. The high capacity of the plant can be installed.

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    • 11. Compact and simple in maintenance.

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DISADVANTAGES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

  • Dis-advantages:

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  • 1.The Fuel used is expensive and is difficult to recover.

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  • 2. The Capital cost on a Nuclear plant is very high.

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  • 3.The disposal of by-product, which are radio-active, is a big problem. They have either to be disposed off in the deep trench or in a sea away from sea- shore.

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  • 4. Maintenance charges are high.

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  • 5. Not suitable for varying load conditions.

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  • 6. Working condition is always detrimental to the health of the workers

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APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

  1. Nuclear Power plant for generating a good amount of electricity-
  2. Nuclear energy now provides about 11% of the world's electricity from about 450 power reactors.
  3. The main use of nuclear energy is the production of electric energy. Nuclear power plants are responsible for generating electricity. 
  4. The energy thermal is obtained which will be transformed into mechanical energy and then later into electrical energy. 

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NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN INDIA�

1. Tarapur

    • Operator: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)- Maharashtra

2. Rawatbhata

    • Operator: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)-Rajasthan

3. Kudankulam

    • Operator: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)-Tamil Nadu

4. Kaiga

    • Operator: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)-Karnataka

5. Kakrapar

    • Operator: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)-Gujarat

6. Kalpakkam

    • Operator: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)-Tamil Nadu

7. Narora

    • Operator: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)-Uttar Pradesh

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