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www.watertime.org

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A research project supported by the European Commission

Contract No: EVK4-2002-0095

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FP5: Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development �Key Action 4: City of Tomorrow and Cultural Heritage�Thematic Priority 4.1.2: Improving the quality of urban life�

December 2002-November 2005

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The project results are the responsibility of the researchers and should not be construed as representing the views of the European Commission

Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

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Analytical framework

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  • Case Studies have been analysed focusing on participation and sustainability in a narrative structure
  • Basic elements:
    • Actors
    • Factors
    • Events
  • Episodes
  • Standard Format
  • Example

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Watertime analytical narrative approach

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The central principle of the AF is to structure the case studies at a basic level in terms of actors, factors, and events, and to organize these into higher-level structures (episodes) which provide a standardized analysis highlighting particular aspects of the case study narrative.

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

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Watertime analytical narrative approach

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Factors

Actors

Episode

Event

Event

Event

Event…

Time

PART.

SUST.

Basic elements

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Actors

Basic elements:

They are discrete individual, corporate, or collective social units.

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Actors and their actions are viewed as interdependent rather than independent, autonomous units.

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We have to describe the actors, their power, goals,…

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The urban water cycle involves a wide diverse set of actors covering:

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      • Water uses
      • Levels of government
      • Different agents

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Political and institutional

Economic

Social

Technical

Environmental

  • Interest groups, policy networks and state autonomy

- Process by which options are put forward/Range of options being considered

  • Strategy, efficiency, outcomes (e.g. pricing, investment), regulation, economic sustainability

- Inclusiveness in reform process (e.g. community support to goals of reform)

- Equitability and access to service

- Objectives

- Service quality and performance

- Constraints to adoption of technology

- Operational strategy and the environment

- Water demand management and conservation

- Environmental impact of operations

Factors

Factors are not only found at the city level because decision making is the result of a multilevel elements interacting

Basic elements:

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Each event E1…En, can be seen as the smallest unit of analysis useful in the context of each case study,

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E.g.

A meeting, an election, or the introduction of a new law, the restructuring of an actor, or a change in a factor.

A table has been constructed listing all the events associated with a decision process, from beginning to end.

Events

Basic elements:

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

The framework of basic elements (actors, factors, events) must now be structured into an analytical framework by clarifying in more detail the nature of the processes involved, and in particular the relationships between different events.

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These relationships can usefully be collated into episodes (i.e. groups of events), by attempting to identify sub-parts of the process that have their own dynamics, based on groups of actors, combinations of factors, or links between events, or whatever seems appropriate.

Episodes

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Standard Format

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The standard format used in the case study reports (D5) is a tool to ensure that the data is gathered in a consistent way coherent with the analytical framework.

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  • We will show in a concrete example:
  • The Yeast episode of Cordoba case.

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

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SYNTHESIS

Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Overview

  • Case episodes overview
  • Actors
  • Main influencing actors and factors
  • Subjects, actors, factors and outcomes

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  • Total number of episodes analysed is 73
  • In general the time sphere is within the last 25 years, but there are certain significant exceptions, such as the MSGC that started in the 50s.
  • In over 50% of the episodes in one way or another, we undertake the analysis of decision making processes linked to a change in the managerial mode, including the following cases:
    • Tallin, Vilnius, Grenoble, Arezzo, Bologna, Milan, Rome, Cardiff, Leeds, Berlin, Munich, Budapest, Debrecen, Szeged, Gdansk, Łódź, Bucharest and Timisoara
  • Other cases focus on decision-making linked to cutting-edge technology or to innovations adapted to solve problems such as the scarcity of the resources, desalination methods or water reuse. Palma de Mallorca, MSGC.

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Case episodes overview

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  • There is a group of cases that have set interesting examples of public organizations with decision-making and comprehensive water cycle systems that have generated excellent results in the medium and long run, not only in terms of meeting the need of future demands but also with the incorporation of sustainable environmental criteria. Stockholm and Madrid cases.

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  • Other cases are related to public administration cooperation in a national or an international context. Hameenlinna, Tampere.

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Case episodes overview

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Actors participating in the process

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Main influencing actors and factors

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  • Economic restrictions suffered by local governments
  • Privatization vs search of alternatives

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

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Watertime Final Workshop University of Greenwich 25 November 2005

Subject

Factor

Act

or

Outcome/impact

Overexploit

a

tion of the

aqu

i

ferous r

e

sources and rain

sca

r

city

Enviro

n

mental

Technical

City Council

s

Regional and Ce

n

tral Governments

EU

Research Centers

Companies with expertise in non

-

conventional

r

e

sources

Heavy inves

t

ments in techno

l

ogy.

High water t

a

riffs

.

High reuse water ou

t

put for farming or irrigation pu

r

poses (parks, etc.)

.

Management orie

n

tated towards a moderate consum

p

tion through cit

i

zens´

rai

s

ing awareness

and the reduction of lo

s

ses and leaks in the distribution

ne

t

work.

Bids to priva

t

ize the water and

sanitation ma

n

agement and/or

to award 25

-

year, or even

longer, conce

s

sions

Economic

Political

Social

City Council

s

Water sector mu

l

tinational comp

a

nies EBD

R

The World Bank

Loans granting by banks and exte

r

nal financial resource a

t

tainment linked

to privatization and/or co

n

cession of the water and san

i

tation se

r

vices.

Rain scarcity

Enviro

n

mental

Social

City Council

R

egional and Ce

n

tral Governments

Strategic deve

l

ment of the ma

n

agement and r

e

source planning High water

ta

r

iffs

Activities t

o

ward the obtainment of environmental ed

u

cation and

respo

n

sible consumption

River and aqu

i

ferous polluti

on

Technical

Environme

n

tal

City Council

Regional and Ce

n

tral Governments

EU

Environmentalists

Development of activ

i

ties directed towards the co

m

pliance of the European

le

gisl

a

tion. WWTP co

n

struction in order to reduce poll

u

tion.

Modifications u

n

dergone by corp

o

rate strategic pr

i

orities, from a city in

time perspective.

Reduction in the co

n

sumption of reuse or treated water.

High co

-

operation level among

neighbouring munic

ipalities

Enviro

n

mental

Economic

Political

City cou

n

cil

EU

Economies of sc

a

le generation in pr

o

duction and distr

i

bution

Natural resource effective manag

e

ment

High consensus reached for the strategic pla

n

ning of water and

san

i

tation

management

Access to inform

a

tion and transpa

r

ency

Financing with EU funds

Technical

Economic

Political

City Council

Regional and Ce

n

tral Governments

EU

Regional econ

o

mic develo

p

ment

Improvement of the citizens´ living co

n

ditions and sta

n

dards of l

i

ving

Infrastructure i

m

provement

Income redistrib

u

tion in Eur

o

pean terms

Investment co

-

sharing with local administr

a

tion

Compy o

p

erting in

a

d

e

velped country, with

manag

e

rial expertise, high

tur

n

over/total sales rev

e

nue

and basic h

y

draulic

infr

a

structures co

v

ered or

provided for

Economic

Private companies

Public comp

a

nies

Business scope divers

i

fication, introduction in technological se

c

tors and

particip

a

tion in the w

a

ter/sanitation ma

n

agement of other countries or

other ci

t

ies not beloging to the country of or

i

gen.

Strategic orient

a

tion towards the obtai

n

ment of profit

-

wise

ec

o

nomic

statement or balance

International Pu

b

lic Public

partne

r

ship

Political

Technical

Economic

Public underta

k

ings

Local/National G

o

vernments

Knowledge and techn

i

cal expertise tran

s

fer

Reduced or min

i

mum

costs for the receiver of technical and know

l

edge

acquisition

Creation of techn

i

cal co

-

operation networks

Rain scarcity

Environmen-tal

Social

City Council

Regional and Central Governments

  • Cordoba
  • Madrid
  • Palma
  • MSGC
  • Strategic development of the management and resource planning High water tariffs
  • Activities toward the obtainment of environmental education and responsible consumption

Financing with EU funds

Tech-nical

Eco-no-mic

Poli-tical

City Council

Regional and Central Governments

EU

  • Bucharest
  • Budapest
  • Cordoba
  • Debrecen
  • Gdansk
  • Kaunas
  • Lodz
  • Madrid
  • MSGC
  • Palma
  • Szeged
  • Timisoara
  • Vilnius
  • Warsaw
  • Regional economic development
  • Improvement of the citizens´ living conditions and standards of living
  • Infrastructure improvement
  • Income redistribution in European terms
  • Investment co-sharing with local administration

Issue

Factors

Actors

Cities

Outcome/impact