SPECIAL PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT �Application of EU protected area management tools in Mongolia

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Багшийн товч танилцуулга: Монгол Улсын Их Сургууль, ХШУИС-ийн ХБООИТ

Судалгааны чиглэл: Тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутгийн менежмент, БО-ны аудит

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Хичээлийн товч агуулга:

• ТХГН-ийн талаарх үндсэн ойлголт, МУ-ын ТХГН-ийн сүлжээний өнөөгийн байдал, тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутгийн төлөвлөлт, менежментийн үр ашигт байдлын үнэлгээ ба аргазүйн танилцуулга

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Багш: дэд профессор Н.Оюунчимэг

JOINT SUMMER SCHOOL FOR URBAN RESILIENCE, ADAPTATION AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Urban Resilience and Adaptation for India-Mongolia – URGENT + European Orientation for Sustainable Environmental Management in Mongolia - ONE

THE SETTLED NOMADISM

2022

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Байгаль орчныг экосистемийн үйлчилгээ болон соёлын үнэ цэнийн хамт урт удаан хугацаанд хамгаалах.

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“Байгалийн болон соёлын өв, биологийн төрөл зүйлийг зохистой ашиглах, хамгаалахад зориулан хуулийн хүрээнд хамгаалагдсан далай тэнгис ба хуурай газрын хэсэг нутаг”. (ОУБХХ/IUCN)

Тодорхойлолт

Зорилго

Ач холбогдол

Биологийн олон янз байдлыг генетикийн болон төрөл зүйл, экосистемийн түвшинд хамгаалахад ач холбогдолтой төдийгүй геологийн өв, газрын хэв шинж, тогтоц, хөрс ургамал зэрэг геологийн олон янз байдлыг хамгаалахад ач тустай. 

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Байгаль хамгаалал

Биологийн олон янз байдлыг хамгаалах

Тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутаг нь байгаль хамгааллын сонгодог арга юм.

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Эх сурвалж: IUCN WCPA (2021). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 27.1, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Эх сурвалж: Тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутгийн тухай хууль, Монгол Улс, 1994

Олон улс

Монгол улс

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Эх сурвалж: IUCN WCPA (2021). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 27.1, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

2. Байгалийн цогцолборт газар

3. Байгалийн нөөц газар

4. Дурсгалт газар

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Монгол улсын ТХГН-ийн сүлжээний өсөлт

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2018 он – 14.7%

2020 он – 17%< (Айчигийн зорилт 11)

Эх сурвалж: WDPA, Protected Planet Report, 2018

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ТХГН цаашид ч өснө.

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Эх сурвалж: https://ecoacsa.com/en/sdg/

Тогтвортой хөгжлийн зорилгууд (ТХЗ) нь тодорхой хэмжээгээр ТХГН-тай холбоотой бөгөөд тэдгээрийн дотроос 6, 14 ба 15-р зорилтууд илүү нягт холбогдсон байдаг. Мөн ТХГН нь БОЯБ-ын конвенцийн Айчи 11 зорилтод тусгайлан орж, 2020 онд хүртэлх зорилтод чухал байр суурь эзэлсэн байдаг.

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Монгол орны гол мөрний урсац бүрэлдэх эхийн 48.4%

Ойн сан бүхий газрын 39.3%

Олон улсын Хүн ба шим мандлын нөөц газрын сүлжээнд - 6

Дэлхийн байгаль, соёлын өвийн жагсаалтад – 5 /1.3 сая га/

120 газрыг УТХГН-ийн сүлжээнд нэгтгэсэн /32,8 сая га буюу 21%/

Устах аюулд орсон болон устаж болзошгүй 300 гаруй амьтан

Хил дамнасан 2 тусгай хамгаалалттай газар

ОНТХГ: 1361газар /23.6 сая га/

Рамсарын конвенцид бүртгэлтэй 11 газрыг хамгаалалтад авсан

Соёлын өвийн дурсгалын 80 орчим % хамгаалагдсан

ДЦГ-22, БЦГ-36,

БНГ-48, ДГ-14

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• Тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутгийн тухай хууль (1995)
• Тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутгийн орчны бүсийн тухай хууль (1997)
• Тусгай хамгаалалттай газар нутгийн үндэсний хөтөлбөр (1998)

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ТХГН-ийн хууль эрхзүйн орчин

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Төлөвлөлт нь төлөвлөх, хэрэгжүүлэх, үр дүнгээ хянаж үнэлэх, үр дүнд үндэслэн төлөвлөгөөг дахин сайжруулах, амжилт, сургамжаа хуваалцах гэсэн уян хатан, эргэлттэй бүхэл бүтэн процесс юм. Энэ нь тухайн нөхцөл байдалд нийцүүлэн өөрчлөгдөж, сайжирч байдаг үйл явц. Менежментийн төлөвлөгөө нь энэхүү цогц үйл явцыг баримтжуулж албажуулсан баримт бичиг юм.

Эх сурвалж: ТХГН-ийн менежментийн төлөвлөлтийн арга зүй, 2021

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Эх сурвалж: ТХГН-ийн менежментийн төлөвлөлтийн арга зүй, 2021

• Маш сайн: Экологийн хувьд байх ёстой түвшин, сайжруулах шаардлагагүй;
• Сайн: Хэлбэлзэл нь зөвшөөрөгдөхүйц хэмжээнд байгаа. Менежментийн зарим арга хэмжээ авах шаардлагатай;
• Дунд: Хэлбэлзэл нь зөвшөөрөгдөхүйц хэмжээнээс их болсон. Зайлшгүй хамгаалах арга хэмжээ шаардагдана.
• Муу: Нөхөн сэргээхэд маш хэцүү болсон. Устах аюулд орсон.

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Эх сурвалж: ТХГН-ийн менежментийн төлөвлөлтийн арга зүй, 2021

Жишээ: Төлөв байдлын үнэлгээг Миради программд оруулсан байдал (Онон Балжийн БЦГ)

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Жишээ: Хүйсийн Найман нуурын БДГ

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Шалтгаан үр дагаврын шинжилгээ

Нөөцийн хомсдол

Усны бохирдол

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Хамгааллын менежментийг төлөвлөгөөтэйгөөр хэрэгжүүлж байна.

БНГ - 15%

Нийт УТХГН

ДГ - 36%

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ТХГН-ууд өөрийн зорилгод хэр хүрч, хамгаалах ёстой үнэт зүйлсээ хэр түвшинд хамгаалж байна вэ гэдгийг менежментийн үр ашигт байдлын үнэлгээгээр тогтоодог (Knight et al. 2007, Barr et al., 2011).

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Биологийн олон янз байдлын тухай конвенцын (БОЯБХК) хөтөлбөрт 2010 он гэхэд нийт ТХГН-ийн 30-аас доошгүй хувьд нь менежментийн үр ашигт байдлын үнэлгээ хийхийг талуудад хандан уриалсан бөгөөд өнөөдрийн байдлаар тус конвенцэд нэгдэн орсон талуудын 42 нь (21.4%) өөрийн улсын ТХГН-ийн 60-аас дээш хувьд энэхүү үнэлгээг хийгээд байна .

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ТХГН-ийн менежментийн үр ашигт байдлыг үнэлгээний арга зүй

(METT - Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool)

БОАЖ-ын Сайдын А-162 тоот тушаал

БОАЖ-ын Сайдын А-374 тоот тушаал

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ТХГН-ийн менежментийн үр ашигт байдлын үнэлгээний бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгүүд

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Үнэт зүйл:

• Экосистем
• БОЯБ
• Түүх, соёлын дурсгал
• Бүлгэмдэл

Шалгуур:

• Үнэт зүйлд хамааралтай
• Зөв мэдээлэл өгөх
• Тоон үзүүлэлтээр хэмжигдэх
• Өөрчлөлт нь богино хугацаанд мэдрэгддэг гэх мэт

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Шалгуур тус бүрт үнэлгээний 4 (Муу, Дунд, Сайн, Маш сайн) түвшин буюу шатлал тогтооно. Ингэхдээ түвшин тус бүрт хамаарах тоон үзүүлэлтийг нарийвчлан хэлэлцэж тогтоосон байна.

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Аюул, дарамт гэдэгт экосистем, биологийн олон янз байдал, түүх соёлын үнэт өвийг хомсдуулах, доройтуулахад шууд нөлөөлж буй хүчин зүйлийг ойлгох ба энд мөн ирээдүйд учирч болох буюу үргэлжлэх хүчин зүйлс, үзэгдэл, үйл ажиллагааг хамт авч үзнэ.

Үнэлгээ хийхдээ үндсэн 13 төрлийн аюул, дарамт, түүнээс үүсэж буй сөрөг нөлөөллийг төрөл тус бүрээр үнэлнэ.

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ТХГН-ийн менежментийн үр ашигт байдлын үнэлгээний хуудас нь:

• хууль, эрх зүйн зохицуулалт, түүний хэрэгжилт,
• төлөвлөлт, төлөвлөгөө түүний хэрэгжилт
• нөөц боломж
• бодит үйл ажиллагаа
• үнэлгээ, мониторинг
• үр ашиг гэсэн үндсэн 6 бүлэгт хамаарах үндсэн 52 асуулга болон 4 төрлийн нэмэлт асуулгаас бүрдэнэ.

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Өнөөдөр дэлхийн хэмжээнд нийт 124 оны 2500 ТХГ-т менежментийн үр ашигт байдлын үнэлгээ хийгдсэн байна (Geldmann et al. 2021).

Зураг . Дэлхийн ТХГН-ийн менежментийн үр ашигт байдлын үнэлгээ хийсэн байдал

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БАГИЙН АЖИЛ

Сэдэв: ТХГН-ийн төлөвлөлтөд МИРАДИ программыг ашиглах нь

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Бүх суралцагсад дараах заавартай танилцаарай.

• МИРАДИ программ ашиглах заавар (монгол хэлээр): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35o4ZrGT0JU
• МИРАДИ программ ашиглах заавар (англи хэлээр): https://www.miradishare.org/ux/home

Энэ хичээл Горхи-Тэрэлжийн байгалийн цогцолборт газарт 7-р сарын 25-ны өдөр орно. Тиймээс багийн нэг гишүүн хотод байх хугацаандаа дараах программыг зөөврийн компьютер дээрээ татаж суулгасан байх хэрэгтэй (Заавал 4.3 хувилбар биш байсан ч болно).

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МИРАДИ 4.3 программыг татах линк: https://miradi.software.informer.com/4.3/

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JOINT SUMMER SCHOOL FOR URBAN RESILIENCE, ADAPTATION AND SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT