Techniques of Art�Part III

• Drawing
• Painting
• Printmaking
• Sculpture
• Craft Media
• Architecture
• Photography
• Film
• Television/video
• Digital Media
• Design

New Media

• The beginning of new media is photography, which lead to other forms of mechanically produced art such as film, video/television, and digital art forms.
• The rise of mass produced goods also lead to the rise of design as an art process.
• When design is driven by the internal creativity of the designer rather than market research the borders between art and design fade.

*Photography

• A photosensitive surface is exposed to light which leaves its imprint according to the gradations of intensity in light

​

*Landmarks in the history of photography

• 1500s invention of the camera obscura
• *1826 first photograph produced by Joseph Niepce
• 1839 photographic process refined further by Louis Daguerre (Daguerreotype)
• 1932 Eastman Kodak Company began making color film

Truth Value of Photography

• Photographs are more likely to be trusted as the truth then pictures created by hand such as paintings and drawings
• Photography was used as a tool to achieve social change by documenting social problems. Example Lewis Hine

Margaret Bourke-White

• A pioneer in photojournalism
• Took photo for Life magazine during the 30’s

Ansel Adams

• A photographer famous for his images of majestic outdoor spaces such as Yosemite National Park
• Known for his interest in formal qualities of light dark and composition as well as his interest in nature.

*Eadweard Muybridge

• Lined up a series of cameras to document the movement of a galloping horse.
• Known for his interest in animal and human movement and documentation of movement on film.

*Film

• A sequence of images taken in close succession such that viewing of the images sequentially causes the images to take on life-like motion
• 24 frames/second or more
• Thomas Edison developed the first motion picture camera in 1889.

Shot (pertaining to film)

• A continuous running of the camera from a stationary or mobile perspective.
• Examples of types of shots include: close-ups and longshots

Types of film editing

• Cutting and rearranging a sequence of shots to create a scene
• The text mentions parallel editing and montage as examples
• Parallel editing is cutting between two or more narratives (story lines)
• D.W. Griffith introduced many new types of shots and ways of editing film in the early 20^th century

Montage

• A specific type of film editing that cuts between shots quickly to heighten the dramatic effect
• Introduced by D.W. Griffith
• Example: Sergei Eisenstein’s The Battleship Potemkin
• You can check out this movie in the TCCNW library

Animation, Special Effects, Storyboard

• Animation began in the late 1930s with the movie Fantasia
• A team of artists create the film using drawn and painted images transferred to film by photographing each individual frame.
• Special effects use inventive means to portray scenes that are difficult or impossible to create directly. The computer is used to create many of today’s special effects
• George Lucas is a pioneer in special effects.
• The storyboard is a series of drawings or paintings arraigned in a sequence to visualize the major shots in the film

International co-production

• Many of today’s films are aimed at an international audience and are produced by a team of people from several countries
• This can produce interesting multi cultural perspectives
• Example: Ju Dou by Zhang Yimou

Television and Video Art

• Television is electronically transmitted imagery
• Video cameras enable moving images to be recorded by everyday people

Nam June Paik

• Nam June Paik was a pioneer artist in video art collaborating with public television labs to create and broadcast art videos
• Nam is also known for his large constructions of television monitors with complex imagery drawn from popular culture combined with unusual effects of color and pattern.

​

​

*Digital Art forms

• Computers are used in a variety of ways to assist other art forms as well as a medium with which to create art forms that are screen based.
• Examples range from plotter based programs, video editing, internet based, interactive art works and computer generated digital beings.
• http://www.turbulence.org/Works/broadway/

​

​

Design and Art

• Designers create the forms of the manufactured objects and mass produced images that surround us.
• In today’s Art world Design is considered equal to other art forms more often than in the past.

The role of the designer

• Designers enhance the objects that surround us in daily life both aesthetically and through an expression of cultural values.
• Examples include: graphic design, industrial design, textile design, clothing design, interior design, architecture, and environmental design.

Industrial Design

• Common objects that integrate utility, technology, and cutting edge design.
• All of our consumer products are designed both for aesthetic qualities and marketability.
• Examples include the Raymond Loewy refrigerator and the 1984 Apple Macintosh by Frogdesign/ Harmut Esslinger

Graphic Design

• Design focusing on integrating images and text, often used to convey a message or convince the viewer to act in a specific way.
• Aspects of graphic design include Typography, Logo, and Poster Design

*Typography

• The art of composing art from letter forms
• Letter forms include typefaces or fonts
• Example: Tobias Frere-Jones updated the Nobel font and developed the Armada and Garage Gothic fonts.

Logo and Symbol

• Logo is short for logotype and is based on a letter form
• A symbol is an identifying mark based on a picture
• Sometimes symbols are incorporated into a logo. See NASA logo

Silence=Death

• A activist poster produced to promote increased action in fighting AIDS
• Uses a symbol and text to draw the viewer in.

Illustration

• A picture or illustration created to enhance or clarify written material.
• Examples include Jose Guadalupe Posada and Norman Rockwell

Jose Guadalupe Posada

• Made illustrations for a series of flyers marketed to the working public of Mexico City.
• Characterized by a sense of humor and irreverence for power.