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Posttraumatic Growth After Suicide Loss

Melinda Moore, PhD

Associate Professor

Department of Psychology

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Rev. Goldie Moore

“Preacher’s Grandkid”

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My story

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��What I experienced . . .

  • Abandonment and rejection
  • Guilt
  • Feelings of being blamed
  • Shame and stigma
  • Professional and personal rejection
  • Social isolation
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms

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��What others experienced . . .

  • Abandonment and rejection (Bailley et al, 1999; Harwood, Hawton, Hope & Jacoby, 2002; Reed, 1998)
  • Guilt (Bailley et al, 1999; Cleiren, 1993; Range, 1998)
  • Feelings of being blamed (Ross, 1995; Shneidman, 1998)
  • Shame and stigma (Cleiren et al, 1996; Cvinar, 2005)
  • Professional and personal rejection (Joiner, 2005)
  • Social isolation (Dyregrov & Dyregrov, 2008)
  • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder symptoms (Armour, 2006; Melhem et al, 2004; Murphy et al, 1999)

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The Continuum of Survivorship

Suicide Exposed

Suicide

Affected

Suicide

Bereaved,

Short term

Suicide

Bereaved,

long term

(Cerel, McIntosh, Neimeyer, Marshall & Maple, 2014)

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Potential Types of Individuals in Each Category

Exposed

Affected

Suicide-Bereaved, short term

Suicide-Bereaved, long term

  • First responders
  • Anyone who discovers
  • Family members
  • Therapists
  • Close friends
  • Health Care workers
  • Community members
  • Schools & workplaces
  • Acquaintances
  • Fans of celebrities
  • Community groups (sporting clubs)
  • Rural or close knit communities
  • First responders
  • Anyone who discovers
  • Family members
  • Therapists
  • Friends
  • Classmates
  • Co-workers
  • Team members
  • Neighbors
  • Family members
  • Therapists
  • Friends
  • Close work colleagues
  • Family members
  • Therapists
  • Close friends

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Each Death by Suicide� in the US leaves about

 

(Cerel, Brown, Maple, Bush, van de Venne, Moore & Flaherty, 2018)

#not6

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Closeness of Suicide Exposed

Approximately 36.1% of people exposed are “close” or “highly close.”

Not just first degree relatives.

N=48

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Suicide Exposure Related to Depression & Anxiety

Those exposed to suicide are more likely to have anxiety & depression diagnoses and suicidal ideation

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Collaborative Assessment and �Management of Suicidality (CAMS)

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Growth from Trauma

Even the helpless victim of a hopeless situation, facing a fate he cannot change, may rise above himself, may grow beyond himself, and by so doing change himself . . . turn a personal tragedy into a triumph”

-Viktor Frankl,

Man’s Search for Meaning

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Posttraumatic Growth (PTG)

Positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances

  • Shattering “assumptive world”
  • Cognitive engagement with event– ruminate over elements
  • Rumination allows for repair and restructuring

Calhoun and Tedeschi (2006)

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Five Factors (Dimensions) of Posttraumatic Growth

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Posttraumatic Growth Studies

  • Breast cancer survivors
  • 9/11 survivors
  • Madrid train bombing survivors
  • HIV/AIDS patients
  • Motor vehicle accident survivors
  • Adolescent cancer survivors
  • Vietnam POWs
  • Bereaved parents

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Rumination

Brooding

  • Intrusive
  • Early
  • Sense-making

Reflective

  • Deliberate
  • Later
  • Meaning-making

POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH

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Posttraumatic Growth

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Suicidality

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Major Findings

Resilience and active involvement in TAPS consistently predict a variety of posttraumatic growth (PTG) types.

    • Higher resilience and greater involvement in TAPS results in more growth.

Peer mentors scored better across all mental health indicators, including suicidality, PTSD, PTG, depression, and anxiety.

    • This was true whether they were suicide bereaved or bereaved from other causes.
    • Furthermore, mental health scores for suicide bereaved peer mentors were better than those of non-suicide bereaved non-peer mentors.

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Takeaway Message

Helping Others Helps You Heal and Grow

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Reasons for Living�Among Suicide Bereaved �Parents

One group indicated that their family was their reason for living.

A second group indicated that family plus being spiritual and helping others were their reasons for living.

A third group indicated that family, being spiritual, and not wanting to hurt others were their reasons for living.

A fourth group of suicide-bereaved parents indicated that their family plus enjoying life were their reasons for living.

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Lessons Learned: Who Had the Highest Growth?

Helping Others had the highest posttraumatic growth

Family Only had the lowest posttraumatic growth

Group with Family plus being Spiritual and Helping Others had the highest growth.

As important as family is, family is just not enough. We must do something with our grief.

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“Do not conform to the pattern of the world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind. Then you will be able to test and approve what God’s will is – his good, pleasing and perfect will.”

Roman 12:2 (NIV)

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LOSS Community Services: Growth and Hope �After Suicide Loss

Melinda Moore, PhD, Jerry Palmer, PhD, and Jon Phillips, MS

12th Annual National LOSS Team Suicide Postvention Conference

October 26, 2023

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LOSS Community Services�Respondents (N = 157)

Average Age = 54.5 (22-86)

Female = 118; Male = 35; Non-Binary = 1

Caucasian = 147; African American = 7; Hispanic = 2

98% Were “close” or “very close” to the decedent

95% Stated the death had significant or devastating effects on their life.

Average of 6 years since the death.

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Religious Affiliation

Anglican

Jewish

Atheist

Lutheran

Agnostic

Other

Methodist

Baptist

Presbyterian

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How has your religion helped you in this experience?

  • Comfort and Support
  • Support From Religious Communities
  • Assurance of Reunion in Afterlife
  • Became More Spiritual
  • Continued Prayer and Devotion

  • Some Questioned and Struggled With Faith After

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Rev. James T. Clemons, PhD

Founder, Organization for Attempters and Survivors of Suicide In Interfaith Service (OASSIS)

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Books by Jim Clemons

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The Suicide Funeral (or Memorial Service): Honoring their Memory, Comforting their Survivors

Rabbi Daniel Roberts

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After the Suicide Funeral: Wisdom on the Path to Posttraumatic Growth

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Melinda Moore, Ph.D.

Melinda.moore@eku.edu

Thank You!

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My Questions

It is the “little things” that can signal our growth and change more than any big splashy dramatic thing.

  • What changes have you noticed within yourself, your relationships, if you have had a “shattering” event?

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  • What has God helped you realize about yourself reflecting upon the Postraumatic Growth (PTG) Five Dimensions and these changes?
    • Appreciation of life
    • Relationships with others
    • New possibilities in life
    • Personal strength
    • Spiritual change

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  • Where would you like to continue to grow? Where do you want to plant seeds and cultivate more fruit? How to create meaning and purpose?

  • How do you want to live your life differently?