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ES216:Groundwater Potential of Maharashtra

-Advait Dhakane

-Raghav Maheshwari

-Rohit Zoting

-Shakshi Kumari

Under the supervision of Prof.Shubhankar Karmakar and Prof.Srinidhi Balasubramaniam

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What is Groundwater?

  • Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
  • It accounts for about 30% of all readily available freshwater on the Earth.
  • It moves slowly through geologic formation of soil, sand and rocks, which are called aquifers.

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What is Groundwater Potential?

  • It refers to the total amount of the permanent storage that exists in the aquifers.
  • Groundwater potential depends on a variety of factors, for simplicity, and due to unavailability of some resources, in this report we have considered it to be dependent on mainly three factors:
  • Rainfall (40%)
  • Land use land cover (LULC) (40%)
  • Drainage Density (20%)

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What is Groundwater Level?

  • The groundwater level is the depth or elevation above or below sea level at which the surface of groundwater stands.
  • Almost 71% of talukas in Maharashtra face groundwater depletion problem due to insufficient rains, lack of water management.
  • As of 2018, groundwater level has reduced by over 1 meter in 7212 villages.
  • Hence it is necessary to access and analyze the groundwater data to develop solutions for these problems

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What is Drainage Density?

  • Drainage density is the efficiency with which water is carried over the landscape.
  • In simple words, it relates to the effect of a single drain, i.e. it is the length of stream channel per unit area of basin.

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Data Acquisition( For Groundwater Level)

  • First, we have obtained the yearly cumulative groundwater data from March 21’ to March 22’, from India WRIS (indiawris,gov.in) keeping a monthly timestep with a 6m station level, for 35 districts.

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  • Methodology: Obtaining groundwater level map, and then making the groundwater potential map using weighted overlay analysis, finally comparing both the maps.

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S. No.

DISTRICT

Stations

Level (m)

S. No.

DISTRICT

Stations

Level (m)

1

Ahmadnagar

59

5.97

18

Mumbai Suburban

16

3.632

2

Akola

30

9.62

19

Nagpur

79

6.074

3

Amravati

86

8.004

20

Nanded

59

5.234

4

Aurangabad

36

5.822

21

Nandurbar

27

7.73

5

Bhandara

36

5.587

22

Nashik

84

5.672

6

Beed

48

5.883

23

Osmanabad

40

5.786

7

Buldhana

62

7.846

24

Parbhani

37

6.183

8

Chandrapur

67

5.053

25

Pune

43

4.309

9

Dhule

39

7.787

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Raigarh

33

2.411

10

Gadhchiroli

31

4.945

27

Ratnagiri

59

6.642

11

Gondiya

25

6.238

28

Sangli

38

4.178

12

Hingoli

28

6.259

29

Satara

50

5.292

13

Jalgaon

51

10.523

30

Sindhudurg

50

5.868

14

Jalna

43

5.615

31

Solapur

62

4.959

15

Kolhapur

34

3.966

32

Thane

58

3.275

16

Latur

40

7.213

33

Wardha

58

5.342

17

Mumbai City

5

4.154

34

Washim

44

6.127

​

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35

Yavatmal

87

5.635

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Obtaining Groundwater Level Map

  • First imported the India district boundaries shape file in QGIS.
  • Using Joins, joined the attribute tables of the Groundwater csv file for districts of Maharashtra and the clipped shape file.

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Making of Rainfall Map

  • Data Acquisition: From India WRIS, with a monthly timestep from March’21 to March 22’ obtained yearly cumulative data.
  • Joined the attribute table of Rainfall data with the clipped Maharashtra District shape file.
  • Using Project 🡪 New Print Layout, made the actual rainfall (mm) map.

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Making of LULC Map

  • Obtained the Decadal LULC Map of India from the data provided to us on moodle earlier.
  • Clipped the Maharashtra state file from it.
  • Classified using paletted/unique values and obtained 17 classes.

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Obtaining Maharashtra DEM

  • Downloaded DEM files in .tiff format from SRTM 1 ARC Second global satellite.
  • Performed mosaicking by Raster 🡪 miscellaneous 🡪 merge for all the files to combine the DEM into one file. For this we had to take 49 individual DEM files.
  • Finally cropped the file by using Maharashtra shape file.

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Maharashtra DEM

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Flow Direction:

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Weighted Overlay Analysis

  • Performed weighted overlay analysis using Rainfall and LULC map with weightage of 50% each.
  • Reclassified the rainfall and LULC maps into 4 classes.

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Reclassification

  • Rainfall Classes

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1- Very High (2200-4600mm)

2- High(1400-2200mm)

3- Moderate(1000-1400mm)

4- Low(700-1000mm)

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Reclassification

  • LULC (Descending seepage)

1- Barren, Fallow, Shrubland, Water-

Bodies, permanent wetlands.

2- Deciduous needleleaf and broad-

leaf, cropland, mixed forest, grass-

land, evergreen, plantation

3- Salt pan, mangroves

4- Built up area, Wasteland

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Comparison

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Conclusion

  • Regions where there is high rainfall accompanied by water-bodies, wetlands, or shrublands have the highest groundwater potential (coastal regions)
  • Regions having low rainfall with wasteland or built areas have lowest groundwater potential (Some regions of Pune, Solapur, and North Maharashtra).
  • Moderate rainfall with mixed or deciduous forests, etc, have moderate potential. (Solapur, Ahmednagar, Dhule, etc)
  • These points can be verified by comparing the groundwater level map to the potential map.

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Contribution

  • Advait- Rainfall map, Weighted Overlay, Groundwater Level Map, Comparison study
  • Raghav- LULC map, Weighted Overlay, Groundwater Potential Map, Comparison study
  • Rohit- Mosaicking DEM, ppt preparation, Comparison study
  • Shakshi- Definitions, Comparison study

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Sources

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