The Nervous System
The Neuron
Why does it look this?
Retrieval Practice:�Describe the function of each part of a neuron. Explain how its structure relates to its function
Glial Cells and Synapses
Retrieval Practice:�Explain why neurons need glial cells.
What are synapses and why are they important?
Pre and Post Synaptic Neurons
Retrieval Practice:��What is the role of ions and ion channels in the transmission of information in the nervous system?
Synapse and Neurotransmitters
Retrieval Practice:�
Explain the concept of the “all-or-none” response of neurons
Synapse and Neurotransmitters
Retrieval Practice:�Explain excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters.
How are synapses reset?
Neurotransmitters
The Nerves
Retrieval Practice:�How are nerves and neurons similar and different?
Anatomy of a Nerve
Signal Pathways
sensory neuron
(afferent)
interneuron(s)
Motor neuron
(efferent)
Peripheral Nervous System�(PNS)
Central Nervous System
Reflex Arc
Reflex Arc
Retrieval Practice:��How is a reflex arc similar and different from cognitive thinking?
How do neurons send electrical signals
Action Potential:�an “all or none” signal
The slides that follow will explain this process in detail.�
Learn WHY each step occurs��Learn what happens to ions and ion channels at each step
Learn the voltage of resting potential, threshold potential and action potential (in mV)
Resting Potential
Resting Potential
- 70 mV
Inside the axon
Outside the axon
Resting Potential
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Resting Potential
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- 70 mV
Action Potential
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+ 40 mV
Stimulus
Repolarization
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Repolarized / Overshoot
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How can we return to resting potential?
Repolarized / Overshoot
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Resting Potential
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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Sodium Potassium Pump
Repolarized / Overshoot
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Resting Potential
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ATP
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Retrieval Practice:�Describe what is happening at each numbered step.��Be clear about the state of ion channels, the movement of ions, and the potential difference.��WHY is each step occurring?
Why is resting potential always -70mV?
Why is action potential always +40mV?
How is threshold potential related to the �“all-or-none” response?
Retrieval Practice:�
Why is signaling in the nervous system an energy intensive process?
(i.e. at what stage(s) of this process is ATP being used?)
Wave of Depolarization
Myelination
Retrieval Practice:�How does myelination increase the speed of signal transduction?
Which neurons are myelinated and which are not? Why?
Retrieval Practice:�How do synapses affect the speed of signal transduction in the nervous system?
How do synapses affect the complexity of information processing in the nervous system?
Retrieval Practice:�
When and why are these autonomic pathways stimulated?
Complex Neural Networks
The Human Connectome Project
Neuron Networks in Fruit Fly Brain
The Brain
The Brain: The Cerebrum
The Brain
Sensory Homunculus
The Brain
The Brain
The Brain: Internal Anatomy
Brain Evolution
Brain Evolution
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Cerebral Surface Area
Size
+ Anthropology
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Biology