1 of 161

05 Heredity

WARNING: This unit is a WORK IN PROGRESS.

Don’t use the slides to look ahead.

Find where we are by looking for the orange slide.

Find the curriculum map, with links to assignments and slides, here.

2 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 5

Wednesday 3/26

DO NOW

3 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 5

Wednesday 3/26

DO NOW

4 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 5

Wednesday 3/26

WHAT: (5.3) How can we predict the outcomes of genetic crosses?

WHY: Mendelian genetics is used often in science and medicine.

HOW: - Pedigree assignment (see video for how to get this into your lab notebook)

5 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  1. How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  2. Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  3. JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

6 of 161

Please make a new entry in your lab notebook:

Pedigrees assignment

7 of 161

Today: pedigrees!

But first: remember this?

8 of 161

Today: pedigrees!

But first: remember this?

9 of 161

Today: pedigrees!

But first: remember this?

10 of 161

See these slides for the assignment and cooldown:

11 of 161

COOLDOWN

Why are pedigrees important?

One or two complete sentences, please.

12 of 161

Hello there! I’m out today!

Yellow Bellwork at the ready, plus your lab notebook, equation sheet,

CALCULATOR

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 5

Thursday 3/27 and Fri 3/28

DO NOW

13 of 161

Chi-squared analysis tells us…

Copy and complete!

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 5

Thursday 3/27 and Fri 3/28

DO NOW

14 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 5

Thursday/Friday :3/27 and 3/28

WHAT: (5.3) How can we predict the outcomes of genetic crosses?

WHY: Mendelian genetics is used often in science and medicine.

HOW: - Using genetic crosses to analyze a stickleback trait (through “Extension”)

15 of 161

🐟🐟🐟

Our first model organism for genetics:

the MIGHTY STICKLEBACK

16 of 161

Generation words:

How to express genotypic and phenotypic ratios:

P

F1

F2

17 of 161

18 of 161

You can search for the answer key for this assignment…

BUT please use it only to check your work and/or as tutor,

not the way you’d use a Snapchat’d photo of math HW :)

Also: remember we are calculating chi-squared differently from the method that may be presented here. Check your notebook notes from Tri 1 for the procedure and language we use to describe our chi-square findings!

19 of 161

COOLDOWN:

Skip THURS; here’s FRIDAY

COOLDOWN:

Skip THURS; here’s FRIDAY.

SKIP the WEEK IN REVIEW

Pelvic spines are a _________ trait in stickleback. We know because…

Copy and complete!

20 of 161

Morning!

Time for a new YELLOW BELLWORK.

LAST CALL wks 1-5: Friday, 2:40

March field exp due TODAY!

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Monday 3/31

DO NOW

21 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Monday 3/31

DO NOW

22 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Monday 3/31

WHAT: (5.3) How can we predict the outcomes of genetic crosses?

WHY: Mendelian genetics is used often in science and medicine.

HOW: - finish Using genetic crosses to analyze a stickleback trait (through “Extension”)

- Heredity problem set, part D (📔!)

23 of 161

24 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  • How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  • Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  • JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

25 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  • How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  • Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  • JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

26 of 161

Remember this?

27 of 161

Remember this?

28 of 161

What genetic content do sex cells contain?

29 of 161

30 of 161

genetic

Dad

genetic

Mom

31 of 161

32 of 161

33 of 161

34 of 161

Set up a new entry in your lab notebook:

Heredity problem set

This assignment will be submitted in person (notebook check).

✏️*PENCIL OK!*✏️

35 of 161

Part D of heredity problem set

36 of 161

Part D of heredity problem set

37 of 161

Part D of heredity problem set

38 of 161

Part D of heredity problem set

39 of 161

40 of 161

Part D of heredity problem set

41 of 161

Part D of heredity problem set

42 of 161

43 of 161

44 of 161

These percentages help us figure out whether only Mendelian genetics is at play…

45 of 161

These percentages help us figure out whether only Mendelian genetics is at play…

… or whether something more complex is happening to determine the phenotypic outcomes we observe.

46 of 161

What is a null hypothesis?

Null = “nothing”

47 of 161

What is a null hypothesis?

Null = “nothing”

IN GENERAL:

IN GENETICS:

48 of 161

What is a null hypothesis?

Null = “nothing”

IN GENERAL:

There is no impact of [independent variable] on [dependent variable].

IN GENETICS:

49 of 161

What is a null hypothesis?

Null = “nothing”

IN GENERAL:

There is no impact of [independent variable] on [dependent variable].

IN GENETICS:

Only simple Mendelian genetics is responsible for the ratio(s) of offspring.

50 of 161

51 of 161

You can use chi-squared in many situations…

52 of 161

You can use chi-squared in many situations…

… as long as you think about the possible categories (rows in your table) and degrees of freedom (categories-1)

53 of 161

You can use chi-squared in many situations…

… as long as you think about the possible categories (rows in your table) and degrees of freedom (categories-1)

54 of 161

55 of 161

Answers to 🐟🐟 follow

56 of 161

57 of 161

58 of 161

59 of 161

60 of 161

61 of 161

62 of 161

COOLDOWN

Meiosis forms ___ploid gamete cells in sexually reproducing ___ploid organisms.

Copy and complete!

63 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6 Tuesday 4/1 (no foolin’)

DO NOW

64 of 161

Are all dominant alleles common alleles?

Make a claim, then back it up with evidence from this course or other knowledge.

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6 Tuesday 4/1 (no foolin’)

DO NOW

65 of 161

Are all dominant alleles common alleles?

Make a claim, then back it up with evidence from this course or other knowledge.

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6 Tuesday 4/1 (no foolin’)

DO NOW

66 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Tuesday 4/1

WHAT: (5.many) How can we predict the outcomes of more complex genetic inheritance?

WHY: Let’s practice applying Mendelian genetics to more complex situations!

HOW: - March field experience debrief

- Heredity problem set, 2024-2025 (focus for today: allosome-linked heredity)

67 of 161

68 of 161

What does nature do for us?

69 of 161

70 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  • How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  • Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  • JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

71 of 161

PUNNETT SQUARES ARE PROBABILITY MAPS

72 of 161

Today: next-level Punnett squares and more pedigree practice

Today, we are tracking alleles for genes that occur on the X chromosome.

73 of 161

Today: next-level Punnett squares and more pedigree practice

Today, we are tracking alleles for genes that occur on the X chromosome.

X

Y

X

X

XX

XY

XX

XY

74 of 161

Today: next-level Punnett squares and more pedigree practice

Today, we are tracking alleles for genes that occur on the X chromosome.

Xr

Y

XR

Xr

XRXr

XRY

XrXr

XrY

75 of 161

Today: next-level Punnett squares and more pedigree practice

Today, we are tracking alleles for genes that occur on the X chromosome.

Xr

Y

XR

Xr

XRXr

XRY

XrXr

XrY

Write the title of this section with its letter, then answer questions like this:

A1)

A2)

etc.

76 of 161

More about color-blindness

77 of 161

COOLDOWN

Using complete sentences, explain in your own words and handwriting why red-green colorblindness affects 1 in 10 people with male birth sex in the U.S. population but only 1 in 100 people with female birth sex.

78 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Wednesday 4/2

DO NOW

79 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Wednesday 4/2

DO NOW

80 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Wednesday 4/2

DO NOW

81 of 161

82 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Wednesday 4/2

DO NOW

83 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Wednesday 4/2

WHAT: (5.many) How can we predict the outcomes of more complex genetic inheritance?

WHY: Let’s practice applying simple Mendelian genetics to more complex situations!

HOW: - Heredity problem set, part B: Incomplete dominance and codominance!

  • Time to finish the rest of the Heredity problem set!

84 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  • How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  • Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  • JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

85 of 161

Generation words

P

F1

F2

86 of 161

How to express genotypic and phenotypic ratios

87 of 161

Incomplete Dominance

  • Alleles blend
  • Results in third phenotype
  • Don’t see either parent phenotype

88 of 161

Codominance

  • Alleles expressed together -- both of them!
  • No blending/third phenotype

89 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Wednesday 4/2

DO NOW

90 of 161

Codominance

  • Alleles expressed together -- both of them!
  • No blending/third phenotype

91 of 161

Blood typing has three alleles, remember? IA, IB, i O

92 of 161

Blood typing has three alleles, remember? IA, IB, i O

93 of 161

COOLDOWN

Draw a small sketch to help you remember INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE and CODOMINANCE.

Hint: Professor Ello can help!

94 of 161

COOLDOWN

Draw a small sketch to help you remember INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE and CODOMINANCE.

Hint: Professor Ello can help!

95 of 161

Hello there!

Please find your Bellwork!

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Thursday 4/3

DO NOW

96 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Thursday 4/3

DO NOW

97 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Thursday 4/3

DO NOW

98 of 161

99 of 161

100 of 161

101 of 161

Which individual’s cells did the crossing over?

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Thursday 4/3

DO NOW

102 of 161

Which individual’s cells did the crossing over?

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Thursday 4/3

DO NOW

103 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Thursday 4/3

DO NOW

104 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Thursday 4/3

WHAT: (5.4) How can we explain traits that deviate from Mendelian genetics in more complex ways?

WHY: Many phenotypes arise in more complex ways!

HOW: - Isn’t it just XX and XY? (can’t legally post; remote students should see Canvas)

105 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  • How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  • Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  • JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

106 of 161

107 of 161

108 of 161

109 of 161

110 of 161

111 of 161

112 of 161

113 of 161

114 of 161

115 of 161

Sometimes, chloroplasts and mitochondria drive traits!

116 of 161

Sometimes, chloroplasts and mitochondria drive traits!

117 of 161

118 of 161

Today’s work: Isn’t it just XX and XY?

119 of 161

What we’re talking about today: assigned-at-birth sex

120 of 161

What we’re talking about today: assigned-at-birth sex

121 of 161

In class: start slides

Absent/learning remotely today?

Please check assignment details in Canvas -- there is an ALTERNATIVE assignment and a lot of explanation from me!

:)

122 of 161

COOLDOWN

Skip!

123 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Friday 4/4

DO NOW

124 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Friday 4/4

DO NOW

125 of 161

Bb

bb

Bb

Bb

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Friday 4/4

DO NOW

126 of 161

Bb

bb

Bb

Bb

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Friday 4/4

DO NOW

127 of 161

Bb

bb

Bb

Bb

The disease phenotype is recessive and is autosomal/not sex-linked.

  • It cannot be dominant because 3 and 4 do not have it, but their offspring 14 does.
  • It is not sex-linked because if it was Y-linked, all male offspring of males with the disease phenotype would have the trait, and they do not.
  • What about X linked? Well, you had to assign genotypes for males…

128 of 161

AND: How’s your goal going?

Go find your records, read ‘em over, and write a sentence or two with today’s date!

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Friday 4/4

DO NOW

129 of 161

AND: How’s your goal going?

Go find your records, read ‘em over, and write a sentence or two with today’s date!

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Friday 4/4

DO NOW

130 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 6

Friday 4/4

WHAT: (5.many) How can I review what I've learned about heredity?

WHY: Let’s get our prep in for next week’s exam!

HOW: - MMM CHAMPIONSHIP

- Unit 5 MCQ Progress Check

131 of 161

132 of 161

133 of 161

134 of 161

Homework for next week:

  • Heredity problem set
    • Qs? P+!
  • Unit 5 video notes due WED
  • Unit 5 study folder

135 of 161

COOLDOWN

(Week in Review: your MMM score)

In a dihybrid Mendelian cross where the genetic parents are RrYy, what are the chances of an offspring having

  • Both dominant traits?
  • Both recessive traits?

HINT: Make two little Punnett squares, then multiply the probabilities! List probabilities in fractions, please.

136 of 161

137 of 161

COOLDOWN

(Week in Review: your MMM score)

In a dihybrid Mendelian cross where the genetic parents are RrYy, what are the chances of an offspring having

  • Both dominant traits?
  • Both recessive traits?

HINT: Make two little Punnett squares, then multiply the probabilities! List probabilities in fractions, please.

138 of 161

Hello there!

NO BELLWORK THIS WEEK!

Let’s get ready to GENETICS

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 7

Monday 4/7

DO NOW

139 of 161

What is one thing you need to practice or review before this week’s exam? What about it is tricky or challenging right now?

(Do you “got this”? What’s something else that’s on your studying to-do list?)

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 7

Monday 4/7

DO NOW

140 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 7

Monday 4/7

WHAT: (5.4) How can we predict the likelihood of recombination between different genes in meiosis?

WHY: This is why “crossing over” leads to so much variation.

HOW: - Recombination and linked genes

  • (PLUS: notebook check for Unit 5 notes!) (FRQs tomorrow!)

141 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  • How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  • Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  • JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

142 of 161

143 of 161

You can use chi-squared in many situations…

… as long as you think about the possible categories (rows in your table) and degrees of freedom (categories-1)

144 of 161

FRQs, 2010

145 of 161

FRQs, 2010

146 of 161

147 of 161

FRQs, 2010

148 of 161

149 of 161

COOLDOWN even though we don’t have Bellwork this week

When genes are close together on the same chromosome, they are said to be __________.

The process that can switch alleles of linked genes on a chromosome during gamete formation is _____________________________.

The two copies of autosomes (one from genetic mom, one from genetic dad) are called ____________________.

150 of 161

Hello there!

NO BELLWORK THIS WEEK!

Gimme an F… R… Q!

Calculator, EQUATION SHEET,

pen(cil)

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 7

Tuesday 4/8

DO NOW

151 of 161

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 3 Week 7

Tuesday 4/8

WHAT: (5.many) How can I review what I've learned about heredity?

WHY: Time to practice your science communication in the Unit 5 FRQ Progress Check :)

HOW: - Unit 5 FRQ Progress Check

152 of 161

Unit 5 guiding questions

  • How is our understanding of evolution influenced by our genetics knowledge?
  • Why is it important that not all inherited characteristics get expressed in the next generation?
  • JUSTICE: How can we accurately reflect contemporary understandings of how different variables impact phenotypes?

153 of 161

154 of 161

Remember…

  • Work day tomorrow
  • Exam on THURSDAY
  • Study folder due then and needed for test corrections
  • We begin our LAST UNIT ON FRIDAY🙌

155 of 161

Hello there!

NO BELLWORK TODAY!

Today is a WORK DAY.

See Canvas for info on what to do!

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 2 Week 10

Wednesday 1/24

DO NOW

156 of 161

Bookmark slide!

157 of 161

THIS IS THE END OF THE WEEK

So Milks can plan!

158 of 161

Norms, part 2!

Let’s practice some of the norms we identified, and make adjustments as needed, by looking at some data together!

159 of 161

OUR SCIENCE IDEALS:

  • We value gathering a diversity of voices and initial ideas.
  • We critique ideas based on evidence, not people.
  • We are open to changing our minds based on evidence (even when it’s uncomfortable).

160 of 161

OUR SCIENCE NORMS:

We value gathering a diversity of voices and initial ideas.

We critique ideas based on evidence, not people.

We are open to changing our minds based on evidence (even when it’s uncomfortable).

  1. Share ideas even if you’re not sure they’re correct.
  2. Build off others’ ideas.
  3. Keep track of how much we are speaking.
  4. Respond to and appreciate others to encourage idea-sharing.

  1. Put effort behind understanding others’ ideas.
  2. Consider all ideas with equal scrutiny.
  3. Use kind language: avoid sarcasm and harshness.
  1. Keep an eraser handy: normalize that people can and do change their minds all the time.
  2. Don’t get so attached to your idea that you can’t revise it.
  3. Be mindful of the emotional weight of people’s own ideas.
  4. Be open to challenging and meaningful conversations.

161 of 161

What do you like about the norms? OR: Anything we need to adjust? Why?

AP Bio BELLWORK Tri 2 Week 8

Monday x/x

DO NOW