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NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

CLASS 10

HISTORY

MR. BIKRANT

PM SHRI KV DIPHU�

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EXPLAINED VIDEOS LINKS

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UTOPIAN VISION

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UTOPIAN VISION

In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist
prepared a series of four prints
visualising his dream:- ‘democratic and social Republics’,

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Charter of the Rights of Man

torch of Enlightenment

statue of Liberty

shattered

remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions

U.S

SWITZERLAND

France,

Germany

Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia.

Christ, saints and angels

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WHAT IS NATIONALISM

Nationalism is an ideology and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation (as in a group of people) especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance) over its homeland. ... It also encourages pride in national achievements, and is closely linked to patriotism.

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WHAT IS A NATION STATE?

A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles, through the actions of leaders and the common people.

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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEA OF THE NATION

The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.

The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
A new French flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated,
A centralised administrative system with uniform laws for all citizens
Internal customs duties and dues were abolished
A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Regional dialects were discouraged and French, became the common language

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THE AGE OF NEPOLEAN BONAPART( 1799-1815)

Vision of French revolutionary:-

To liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism,

So,setting up Jacobin clubs took place in diffrent cities of Europe

the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.(Holland,Belgium, Switzerland)

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THE AGE OF NEPOLEAN BONAPART �

Became ruler in 1799
Destroyed the Democracy in france
But introduce a great a Administrative reforms

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CIVIL CODE OF 1804 (CIVIL CODE OF 1804

Abolition of privileges based on birth
equality before the law
secured the right to property.
Abolition of serfdom
Secular State
Gave women inheritance rights.

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ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS BY NEPOLEON

Simplified administrative divisions,
abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed.
Transport and communication systems were improved.
uniformlaws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency were intoduced.

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NAPOLEON'S EXPANSION OF TERRITORY

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THE REACTIONS OF THE LOCAL POPULATIONS IN THE AREAS CONQUERED

Initially, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty.
But soon it become hostality as the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom.
Increased taxation,
censorship,
forced conscription into the French armies,

All seemed to outweigh the advantages of the administrative changes.

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FALL OF FALL OF NAPOLEON BONAPART

His advancement towards Eastern Europe and Russia did not like by other monarch.
Battel of Leipzig,1813( saxsony
Battle of waterloo( present Belgium) 1815 with British, prussia, Austria
Treaty of Vienna

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

What do you understand by the term Nation state ?
What is the meaning of nationalism? Explain
What are the steps taken by french revolutionaries to create a sense of collective belonging among the citizens of France?
Explain the provisions of Napoleonic code?
what were the Administrative Reforms taken by the Napoleon Bonaparte?
What were the reaction of local population to the French rule in conquered area? Explain.

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TERMINOLOGY

Fuedal System:- the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service.

Manorial System:- A lord received a piece of land, usually from a higher nobleman. When he received the land, he also received all that was on it. That means that most of the people that lived on the land also belonged to the nobleman. The people, called peasants, had to pay to the lord, or they had to work for him.

Serfdom:- feudal labourer

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THE MAKING OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE( DIVERSITIES)

no ‘nation-states
Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms
Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples.
They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture.
spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups

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EXAMPLE OF HUBSBURG EMPIRE

The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.
It included the Alpine regions– the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland ( Soo day tuhn land)– as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking.
It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects.
In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples –Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.

Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance( Loyality) to the emperor.

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THE ARISTOCRACY AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS (SOCIAL STRUCTURE)

Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class.
united by a common way of life
They owned estates in the countryside and also town-houses
They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
But,numerically a small group.
The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.

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WESTERN V/S CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE

To the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants and small owners,
growth of industrialproduction and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes.
new social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
So they led the Movement

while in Eastern and Central Europe the pattern of landholding was characterised by vast estates which were cultivated by serfs.
In Central and Eastern Europe these groups(traders/ middle class) were smaller in number till late nineteenth century.
The Idea of national unity gained popularity among the educated, liberal middle classes
That ideas led to the abolition of aristocratic privileges

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WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM STAND FOR?

The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.
For the new middle classes :-

freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.
Politically:- it emphasised the concept of government by consent.
the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century.
the secured right over private property.

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However,

equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.
the right was given to property-owning men.
Example:- France

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In terms for Economic sphere, Liberlism Stood for:-

the freedom of markets
the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Common currency for trade

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take the example of the German-speaking regions, Napoleon Created,

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CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815

Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family –should be preserved.

Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
Rather, they realised:-( Modernisation by Napoleon is Good)

A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy,the abolition of feudalismand serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.

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TREATY OF VIENNA OF 1815

European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria – met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
Congress was Headed by the Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich.

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PROVISIONS OF TREATY OF VIENNA OF 1815

undoing most of the changes done by Napoleon
The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power(Restoration of Monarchy).
France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

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CONSERVATIVE REGIMES

autocratic
did not tolerate criticism and dissent
Most of them imposed censorship on newspapers,books, plays and songs( If it reflects the idea of Liberty or freedom.

BUT,
The memory of the FrenchRevolution nonetheless continued to inspire liberals.

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THE REVOLUTIONARIES AFTER 1815

fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground
Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
Most of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom..

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IMPORTQANT QUESTIONS

Define the idea of liberal nationalism. What were the demands of middle class or liberals
How the culture played an important role in creating the idea of Nationalism in Europe?
How the aristocrats of Europe were United?
write the provisions of Treaty of Vienna.
Briefly explain the difficulties to bring Nationalism and making nation states in Europe.
Which was the main group behind the revolution in Europe? Explain their role in the revolution.
What do you mean by romanticism? How it brought the feeling of nationalism?

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GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

Italian revolutionary
Born in Genoa in 1807
became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy(1831) in Marseilles,and then, Young Europe(1833) in Berne,
Mazzini believed that,The unification of Italy could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Metternich described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

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THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-1848

As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states,the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.

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FRANCE : REVOLUTION IN JULY 1830

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.
The Bourbon kings were overthrown again by liberal revolutionaries
constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.

‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.” Duke Metternichhe once remarked.
July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

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GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
A struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.
The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation

Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

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THE ROMANTIC IMAGINATION AND NATIONAL FEELING

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.

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ROMANTICISM

A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment with the help of Culture, art, poetry, stories, Folk music, Paintings, Language etc.
Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.

Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

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German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk.
It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised.
So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential for nation-building.

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LANGUAGE : AN EXAMPLE OF POLAND

The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklorehelped in two ways:-

to recover an ancient national spirit
to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who were mostly illiterate.

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Poland had been partitioned by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.
but national feelings were kept alive through music and language.

e.g Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music,

After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere.

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In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.
Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
Polish was used for Church gatherings and all religious instruction.
As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia for their refusal to preach in Russian.
The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

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HUNGER, HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLT

THE YEARS OF 1830 WERE HARDSHIP FOR EUROPE”WHY?

an enormous increase in population all over Europe.
more seekers of jobs than employment.
Migration from rural areas to the cities in search of jobs.(live in overcrowded slums.)
Small producers faced stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England.( Adcvanced industrialisation especially in textile production )
In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues.
rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

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EXAMPLE OF HARDSHIP : FRANCE IN THE YEAR 1848

Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.
Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work. Nationalworkshops to provide employment were set up.

Louis Philippe

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SILESIAN WEAVER REVOLT( Prussia)

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1848: THE REVOLUTION OF THE LIBERALS

In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
demands:-

the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles
a constitution,
freedom of the press and freedomof association.

Look for example of Germany

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Define the idea of liberal nationalis.What were the demands of middle class/liberals?
how culture played an important role in creating idea of nation in Europe.
How the aristocrats of Europe were united?
Which was the main group behind the revolution revolutions of Europe?Explain their role in revolution.
Write the provisions of Treaty of Vienna.
What do you understand by romanticism. How it helped in revolution?

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FIRST ATTEMPT OF GERMAN UNIFICATION:-

The German regions were under the control of Austria, Denmark, France and prussia
In the German regions, a large number of political associations (members were middle-class) came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives met in the Church of St Paul.(Frankfurt parliament)
They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
They offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia,
But he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.

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the attempt failed because

the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger,
parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans so lost their support.
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial within the liberal movement

Result:- troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

Feminist – Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on

the belief of the social, economic and political equality of the genders

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RESULT OF REVOLTS

conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848,

But

Monarchs were beginning to realise that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western Europe before 1815.

serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.

The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

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GERMANY – CAN THE ARMY BE THE ARCHITECT OF A NATION? (SECOND ATTEMPT)

Prussia (under Kaiser William I 2 January 1861)took on the leadership of the movement for national unification.
Kaiser William I appointed otto von Bismarkas prime minister on 23 September 1862
Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the representatives of the army,important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.

The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

How the 1st attempt was diffrent from second attempt?

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Wilhem I

OTTO VON BISMARC

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ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Italy was divided into seven states

Sardinia Piedmont :- Italian ruler
Lombardy &venetia:- Austrian ruler
Parma & Modena:- Hubsburg
Tuscany:- Hubsburg family
Pappal States :- Pope.
Kingdom of Both Sicilies:- Spainish ruler

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During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini tried to unify Italian region with the help of secret society. But he failed
Now Ruler King Victor Emmanuel II( Reign.1849 to 1878) had the responsibility to unify the Italian states through war.
He appointed Chief Minister Cavour, who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.

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Cavour spoke French much better than he did Italian.
Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the movement.
In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
They succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

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1858-59 - War against Austria and integration of lombardy
1860 - Integration of Parma, Modena,Tuscany, paple states Naples and Sicily(The kingdom of both sicilies)
1866 - 1871:- Integration of Venetia and Rome( part of paple states)

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In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.
The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife!

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THE STRANGE CASE OF� BRITAIN

1. English 2. Welsh ( 1536 A.D)

3. Irish. 4. Scottland

Ethnic – Relates to a common racial, tribal, or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims

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English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power,
The English parliament seized power from the monarchy in 1688.

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ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND

The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland ( United Kingdom)
England influence on Scotland
The British parliament dominated by its English members.
Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
The Catholic clans (inhabitent of the Scottish Highlands) suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence.
The Scottish Highlanders :- Restrict to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

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IRELAND

Country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.
The English helped the Protestants of Ireland
Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed
After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798),
Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.

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WHY IT WAS A STRANGE CASE?

In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.

propagation of a dominant English culture.

The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

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VISUALISING THE NATION (A FACE TO A NATION)

Artists started personifying a nation.
Nations were then portrayed as female figures.
Personification of the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life;
It give the abstract idea of the nation, a concrete form. That is, the female figure became an allegory of the nation.

Allegory – When an abstract idea (for instance, greed, envy, freedom, liberty) is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic

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CHRISTENED MARIANNE

christened Marianne (a popular Christian name), which underlined the idea of a people’s nation.
the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade
Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
Statues of Marianne were erected in public

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GERMANIA

Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

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NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM

Nationalism:-

Imperialism:- When nationalism took its extreme form, Govt. and citizen started believing that their tradition and culture are superior than others.
Imperialism led to conflict and war among diffrent countries.
Imperialism is alo the practice of a larger country or government growing stronger by taking over poorer or weaker countries that have important resources.

Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.

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BALKAN REGION

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The Balkans :- a region of geographical and ethnic variation
Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro
inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
The spread of romantic nationalism led to disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.
One by one, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
Different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.
Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area.
Nationalism, aligned with imperialism led to the disaster of First World War.

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