Insta-Review�Unit 1
Courtesy of @APBioPenguins
1.1 Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding
1.1 Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding
SYI-1.A.1
The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
SYI-1.A.2
Living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding.
SYI-1.A.3
The hydrogen bonds between water molecules result in cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.
What type of bond is found in water molecules?
A. Covalent
B. Hydrogen
C. Ionic
D. Van der Waals
What type of bond is found in water molecules?
A. Covalent
B. Hydrogen
C. Ionic
D. Van der Waals
How does the covalent bond IN water create the hydrogen bond BETWEEN…
How does the covalent bond IN water create the hydrogen bond BETWEEN…
The covalent bond is a POLAR covalent bond. This leads to an unequal sharing of electrons. This causes a partial positive end (hydrogen) and partial negative end (oxygen). The partially positive oxygen of one water molecule is attracted to the partially negative hydrogen of another water molecule.
Water property responsible for water movement up STEM
Water property responsible for water movement up STEM
Water property responsible for evaporating cooling
Water property responsible for evaporating cooling
Water property responsible for lake life surviving winter
Water property responsible for lake life surviving winter
RECAP:
1.2 Elements of Life
1.2 Elements of Life
ENE-1.A.1
Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
ENE-1.A.2
Atoms and molecules from the environment are necessary to build new molecules—
a. Carbon is used to build biological
molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbon is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms.
b. Nitrogen is used to build proteins and nucleic acids. Phosphorus is used to build nucleic acids and certain lipids.
A macromolecule is found to have C, H, O, N, and S. Identify?
A macromolecule is found to have C, H, O, N, and S. Identify?
A macromolecule is found to have C, H, O, N, and P. Identify?
A macromolecule is found to have C, H, O, N, and P. Identify?
What macromolecule also has phosphate?
What macromolecule also has phosphate?
Phospholipids
Note: lipids wasn't the answer earlier because they don't have a Nitrogen (and all the members don't have Phosphate)
Two students are attempting to recreate the Hershey and Chase experiment to identify the genetic information for a cell. They use radioactive Nitrogen to track the material of interest.
Why can't they identify the genetic material?
Two students are attempting to recreate the Hershey and Chase experiment to identify the genetic information for a cell. They use radioactive Nitrogen to track the material of interest.
Why can't they identify the genetic material?
Nitrogen is found in both Nucleic Acids and Proteins. So, by using radioactive Nitrogen you marked both macromolecules and was unable to track the material of interest.
Where is the Nitrogen in proteins?
Where is the Nitrogen in proteins?
The Nitrogen is found in the Amine group (NH3) on the central carbon in each amino acid.
Where is the Nitrogen in nucleic acids?
Where is the Nitrogen in nucleic acids?
The Nitrogen is in the nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G, U) that branch from the pentose sugar in each nucleotide (specifically the 1' BUT THAT’S NOT IMPORTANT)
How many valence electrons does Carbon have?
How many valence electrons does Carbon have?
What type of bond does Carbon make other atoms?
What type of bond does Carbon make other atoms?
Why is the carbon/carbon bond non-polar but with carbon/oxygen polar?
Why is the carbon/carbon bond non-polar but with carbon/oxygen polar?
Carbon/Carbon have the same electronegativity, so equal pull electron is equal (nonpolar)
Carbon/Oxygen have different electronegativity, so unequal pull of electron (polar)
1.3 Introduction to Biological Macromolecules
1.3 Introduction to Biological Macromolecules
SYI-1.B.1
Hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are used to cleave and form covalent bonds between monomers.
X EXCLUSION STATEMENT—The molecular
structure of specific nucleotides and amino acids is beyond the scope of the AP Exam.
X EXCLUSION STATEMENT—The molecular
structure of specific carbohydrate polymers is beyond the scope of the AP Exam.
The process of breaking bonds by splitting water
The process of breaking bonds by splitting water
What is formed from hydrolysis of proteins?
What is formed from hydrolysis of proteins?
Process of forming bonds by removing water molecules
Process of forming bonds by removing water molecules
Dehydration with nucleotides form what?
Dehydration with nucleotides form what?
Dehydration with glycerol and fatty acids forms what?
Dehydration with glycerol and fatty acids forms what?
Describe how a peptide bond is formed
Describe how a peptide bond is formed
Peptide bond is the bond between two amino acids. It is a type of covalent bond formed upon the removal of a water molecule. The hydroxyl comes from the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the hydrogen come from the amine group of another amino acid. This forms the bond between the carbon in the carboxyl group of one to the nitrogen of amine in the next amino acid.
Why aren't lipids considered polymers?
Why aren't lipids considered polymers?
There are three types of lipids. Fats formed from one glycerol and three fatty acids. Phospholipids formed from one glycerol, one phosphate (& choline) group, and two fatty acids. Steroids with four fused rings.
None of these involve a repeating subunit (monomer). Amino acids repeat to form proteins. Nucleotides repeat to form nucleic acids. Monosaccharides repeat to from carbohydrates (polysaccharides).
1.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules
1.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules
SYI-1.B.2
Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled—
a. In nucleic acids, biological information is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers. Each nucleotide has structural components: a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil). DNA and RNA differ in structure and function.
1.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules
SYI-1.B.2
Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled—
b. In proteins, the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (primary structure)
determines the overall shape of the protein. Amino acids have directionality, with an amino (NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus. The R group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or ionic), and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein.
1.4 Properties of Biological Macromolecules
SYI-1.B.2
Structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled—
c. Complex carbohydrates comprise sugar monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of the molecules.
d. Lipids are nonpolar macromolecules—
i. Differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids.
ii. Phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with other polar molecules, such as water, and with nonpolar regions that are often hydrophobic.
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Nucleotides are composed of:
- pentose sugar
- nitrogenous base
- phosphate group
What are the components of an amino acid?
What are the components of an amino acid?
Amino acids are composed of:
- central carbon
- carboxyl group
- amine group
- hydrogen
- variable ( R ) group
If R group is polar, how does the section fold? Why?
If R group is polar, how does the section fold? Why?
What level of structure does the R group interact effect?
What level of structure does the R group interact effect?
Which lipid makes up the plasma membrane?
Which lipid makes up the plasma membrane?
How do phospholipids associate to form a membrane?
How do phospholipids associate to form a membrane?
Phospholipids associate with the phosphate group facing the aqueous intercellular and extracellular regions of the cell and the fatty acid tails on the interior of the membrane. It forms a BI-layer so there are two layers of the phospholipids. The fatty acids face one another while the phosphate heads are facing out.
How do phospholipids associate to form a membrane?
What is the function of cellulose?
What is the function of cellulose?
What type of fatty acid has DBL bonds to inhibit compress?
What type of fatty acid has DBL bonds to inhibit compress?
1.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules
1.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules
SYI-1.C.1
Directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer—
a. Nucleic acids have a linear sequence of
nucleotides that have ends, defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide. During DNA and RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing strand, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides.
1.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules
SYI-1.C.1
Directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer—
b. DNA is structured as an antiparallel double helix, with each strand running in opposite 5’ to 3’ orientation. Adenine nucleotides pair with thymine nucleotides via two hydrogen bonds. Cytosine nucleotides pair with guanine nucleotides by three hydrogen bonds.
c. Proteins comprise linear chains of amino acids, connected by the formation of
covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain.
1.5 Structure and Function of Biological Macromolecules
SYI-1.C.1
Directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer—
d. Proteins have primary structure determined by the sequence order of their constituent amino acids, secondary structure that arises through local folding of the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets, tertiary structure that is the overall three-dimensional shape of the protein and often minimizes free energy, and quaternary structure that arises from interactions between multiple polypeptide units. The four elements of protein structure determine the function of a protein.
What is at the 5' end of a nucleic acid?
What is at the 5' end of a nucleic acid?
What is at the 3' end of a nucleic acid?
What is at the 3' end of a nucleic acid?
What is the direction of DNA synthesis
What is the direction of DNA synthesis
What does antiparallel mean in terms of the nucleic acids?
What does antiparallel mean in terms of the nucleic acids?
Antiparallel describes the directionality of the two strands that are complementary base paired. The strands are equidistant (parallel) and in opposite directions (anti). This means that the 5' end is across from a 3' end.
What type of bond is between nitrogenous bases?
What type of bond is between nitrogenous bases?
Why would a strand with more G/C bonding be more stable than A/T bonding?
Why would a strand with more G/C bonding be more stable than A/T bonding?
There are 3 hydrogen bonds between G&C while there are 2 hydrogen bonds between A&T. So, if there are more G/C bonding there will be more hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases than if there were more A/T bonding.
Where are new bonds formed in a growing polypeptide?
Where are new bonds formed in a growing polypeptide?
What is the bond between amino acids called?
What is the bond between amino acids called?
Describe the orientation of the amino acids that form the peptide bond
Describe the orientation of the amino acids that form the peptide bond
The amine group of one amino acid is bonded with a carboxyl group of the next amino acid. The formed bond will look like bond between a carbon double bonded to an oxygen (carboxyl) and to a nitrogen (amine).
Level of structure: Hydrogen bonds between backbone?
Level of structure: Hydrogen bonds between backbone?
Level of structure: Peptide bonds between amino acids?
Level of structure: Peptide bonds between amino acids?
Level of structure: Bonding between two polypeptide chains?
Level of structure: Bonding between two polypeptide chains?
Level of structure: Alpha Helix/Beta Pleated sheet?
Level of structure: Alpha Helix/Beta Pleated sheet?
Level of structure: Bonding between R-groups/final 3D?
Level of structure: Bonding between R-groups/final 3D?
What happens if a protein loses its three-dimensional structure?
What happens if a protein loses its three-dimensional structure?
The three-dimensional structure allows for the active site to bind to specific molecules. With a change in shape, the active site will change which will change the function of the protein.
1.6 Nucleic Acids
1.6 Nucleic Acids
IST-1.A.1
DNA and RNA molecules have structural
similarities and differences related to their function—
a. Both DNA and RNA have three components—sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base—that form nucleotide units that are connected by covalent bonds to form a linear molecule with 5’ and 3’ ends, with the nitrogenous bases perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone.
1.6 Nucleic Acids
IST-1.A.1
DNA and RNA molecules have structural
similarities and differences related to their function—
b. The basic structural differences between
DNA and RNA include the following:
i. DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose.
ii. RNA contains uracil and DNA contains thymine.
iii. DNA is usually double stranded; RNA is usually single stranded.
iv. The two DNA strands in double-stranded DNA are antiparallel in directionality
How are all of the components of a nucleotide oriented?
How are all of the components of a nucleotide oriented?
The pentose sugar has three sites that are important to binding:
1'- nitrogenous base
3'- hydroxyl (but this is a functional group on the pentose sugar not an additional component)
5'- phosphate
How does the pentose sugar differ between DNA and RNA?
How does the pentose sugar differ between DNA and RNA?
How does the nitrogenous base differ between DNA and RNA?
How does the nitrogenous base differ between DNA and RNA?
How does the phosphate differ between DNA and RNA?
How does the phosphate differ between DNA and RNA?
Traditionally, how is the strands different?
Traditionally, how is the strands different?