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Age of Anxiety

Art & Intellectual History

1880-1939

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Art

in the

Age of Anxiety

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International Style

A form of architecture that values mass production, efficiency, & use of modern materials like cement, glass and rebarb.

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Neo Classical ≠ International Style

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Walter Gropius → Bauhaus Bldg. [1928]

Bauhaus

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Le Corbousier

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Miles Van Der Rohe

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Modern Painting

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IMPRESSIONISM (late 19^th / early 20^th c.)

Modern painting grew out of a revolt against French impressionism. French impressionism was characterized by the study of light – the attempt to capture the impression of light.

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Monet, Bathing at La Grenouillere, 1869

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Renoir, Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876

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Pissarro, Boulevard Montmarte – at various times of day and in various types of weather, 1897

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POSTIMPRESSIONISM/EXPRESSIONISM

Those artists who followed the Impressionists and to some extent rejected their ideas. They:

considered Impressionism too naturalistic
sought to explore emotion in painting
results from artist’s unique inner or personal vision

Artists include: van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne, Seurat, Signac, and Toulouse-Lautrec

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Van Gogh, La chambre de Van Gogh a Arles

(Van Gogh's Room at Arles), 1889�

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Van Gogh, Wheat Field with Cypresses, 1889

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Gauguin, Self-Portrait with Halo, 1889

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Gauguin, Tahitian Women OR On the Beach, 1891

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Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, c. 1897-1898

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Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1902

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Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire, 1904-1906

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Matisse, Portrait of Andre Derain, 1905

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Matisse, The Jazz Series (cutouts), 1943-1944

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Otto Dix, War (1929-1932)

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Cubism

Takes a whole object and fragments it into pieces, looking at the whole from many perspectives.

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CUBISM

Compositions of shapes and forms “abstracted” from the conventionally perceived world
Founded by Picasso

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Picasso → Studio with Plaster Head [1925]

Cubism

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Georges Braque → Still Life LeJeur [1929]

Cubism

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Guernica (1937) Picasso

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Picasso, Self-Portrait with Palette, 1906

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Picasso, Guitar and Violin, ca. 1912

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Dada

Hobby Horse

Tries to be nonsensical & critical of modern life

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George Grosz�

Grey Day��(1921)

DaDa

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George Grosz�

The Pillars of Society��(1926)

DaDa

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MORE EXPRESSIONISM – �EXTREME ABSTRACTION

Kandinsky & German Expressionist group, Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)
Kandinsky was one of the first artists to explore complete abstraction, the elimination of representational elements
Kandinsky saw abstractions as evolving blueprints for a more enlightened and liberated society emphasizing spirituality

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Kandinsky, Improvisation 7, 1910

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Kandinsky, Black and Violet, 1923

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Kandinsky, Composition X, 1939

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Dada

Hobby Horse

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DADAISM

Attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior
“Dada” = “hobbyhorse” (nonsensical)

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George Grosz�

Grey Day��(1921)

DaDa

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George Grosz�

The Pillars of Society��(1926)

DaDa

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Duchamp, L.H.O.O.Q. (Mona Lisa with Moustache), 1919

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SURREALISM

By 1924, most Dada artists joined the Surrealist movement
Art that expresses the world of dreams and the unconscious; wanted to bring outer and inner “reality into single position
Inspired by psychologists Freud and Jung
2 groups:

Biomorphic – abstract forms that suggest natural forms
Naturalistic – recognizable scenes metamorphosed into dream image

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Joan Miró, Singing Fish

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Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931

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Dali, Lighted Giraffes, 1936-1937

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Magritte, L’art de vivre

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Intellectual History

in the Age of Anxiety

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Sigmund Freud

Studied at the University of Vienna

Started his studies with an interest in hysteria and discovered that talking about one’s problems could alleviate the symptoms of hysteria and that the hysteria seems to have been caused by traumatic events

Famous Theories

Id, ego & superego

•Id—present at birth, driven by pleasure, helps us to survive—if thirsty, drink

•Ego—tries to get the needs of the id met through socially appropriate ways—helps to deal with the reality of the world—is present in the conscious and unconscious mind

•Superego—hold the moral code as taught to us by society and our parents

•

Human sexuality

•Oral stage (0 to 1 yrs of age)

•Primary interaction w/ the world through mouth to get the needs met (sucking down milk). Problems like nail biting, excess smoking and drinking result if there is a problem with this stage of development

•Anal stage (1 to 3 years of age)

•Toilet training– controlling bladder function is a major project for this age group

•Parents who reward and praise kids for controlling their bladder will feel capable and productive as adults

•Parents who shame and punish their kids for accidents could result in a messy, wasteful or destructive personality

•Parents who start toilet training too early could encourage anal-retentive

•Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs)

•Focus is on the genetalia

•Kids learn the difference between males and females

•Oedipus complex & castration anxiety (dad’s castrate son to punish for loving mom)

•Girls have penis envy—this never goes away (ironically, a woman named Karen Horney debunks this as demeaning to women and inaccurate-do men feel inferior b/c they can’t give birth?)

•Latent Period (6- puberty)

•Sexual feelings are not a focal point for this stage of development but take a back seat to other intellectual developments, hobbies etc

•Genital Stage (puberty-death)

•Other stages having been completed successfully, the individual is now warm and caring and ready for a healthy adult relationship.

Repression

denial

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Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900)

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Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)

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Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

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Christian Response

In the face of philosophical assault, what is the...

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Gabriel Marcel

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Karl Barth (1886-1968)