11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Immunity is based on recognition of self and destruction of foreign material.
Essential idea:
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccinations
Vocabulary
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Syllabus Reference
| Statement | Guidance |
11.1.U1 | Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells. | |
11.1.U2 | Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers. | |
11.1.U3 | B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals. | Limit the immune response to mammals. |
11.1.U4 | Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. | |
11.1.U5 | Plasma cells secrete antibodies. | |
11.1.U6 | Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens. | |
11.1.U7 | White cells release histamine in response to allergens. | |
11.1.U8 | Histamines cause allergic symptoms. | |
11.1.U9 | Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells. | |
11.1.U10 | Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease. | |
11.1.U11 | Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell. | |
11.1.U12 | Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells. | |
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Syllabus Reference
| Statement | Guidance |
11.1.A1 | Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination. | |
11.1.A2 | Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits. | |
11.1.A3 | Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group. | |
11.1.S1 | Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes. | |
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccinations
Stick these on other people
Do Now
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccinations
Identifying as self
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
(MHC class I)
(MHC class I)
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccinations
Identifying foreign or non-self
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
foreign
Covid-19
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccinations
So what is the difference between these 2 pathogens?
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
Influenza
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
The surface of an organisms’ cells are covered in uniquely shaped molecules, examples include:
Unfamiliar surface molecules that cause the production of antibodies are called antigens.
Hemagglutinin allows the virus to stick to the host cells
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
Neuraminidase helps with the release of the newly-formed virus particles
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
This means that red blood cells can be transferred between individuals without automatically causing immune rejection
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What is so special about red blood cells?
11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
Red blood cells are not nucleated and hence do not possess the same distinctive and unique self markers as all other body cells
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.A3 Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U2 Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Make a list of as many diseases spread by animals to humans.
11.1.U2 Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
Passive – injected manmade antibodies or maternal antibodies
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
Active – Exposure to pathogen or vaccination
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
a. specific immune response/antibody production as a consequence of the presence of bacterial antigens �b. macrophage / phagocyte ingests bacterial pathogen displaying bacterial antigens on surface
c. attached to major histocompatibility/MHC molecules
d. helper T cell activated by presentation of antigen on surface of macrophage
e. activated helper T cell binds to B cell specific to the antigen
f. stimulated B cell undergoes repeated mitotic/cell divisions
g. «cells enlarge and differentiate» to form clone of plasma cells
h. plasma cells produce specific antibodies
i. antibodies bind to bacteria making them easier to digest by white cells OR opsonization OR agglutination
j. (some antibodies combined with antigen) activate a complement cascade to kill bacteria directly
k. some antibodies act as antitoxins / neutralize toxins / change chemical structure of toxins
l. once begun, antibody production lasts for several days until all antigens destroyed
m. memory cells remain in blood giving extended immunity
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.(8)
11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
m. memory cells remain in blood giving extended immunity
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Explain the production and role of antibodies in defense against bacterial pathogens in humans.(8)
11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells. 11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U9 Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.
Antibodies (aka immunoglobulins) are large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What can antibodies do?
11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What can antibodies do?
11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What can antibodies do?
11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What can antibodies do?
11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What can antibodies do?
11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
An allergen is an environmental substance that triggers an immune response despite not being intrinsically harmful
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
Redness, heat, swelling and localised pain are all typical symptoms of an allergic response
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
Key Words: Allergen, Mast Cells, IGE antibody, Histamine
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What happens to Mr Trent when he eats shrimp?
11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
What happens to Mr Trent the next time he eats shrimp?
11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens. 11.1.U8 Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
• Breathing: wheezing, shortness of breath, throat tightness, cough, hoarse voice, chest pain/tightness, trouble swallowing, itchy mouth/throat, nasal stuffiness/congestion�• Circulation: pale/blue color, low pulse, dizziness, lightheadedness/passing out, low blood pressure, shock, loss of consciousness�• Skin: hives, swelling, itch, warmth, redness, rash�• Stomach: nausea, pain/cramps, vomiting, diarrhea�• Other: anxiety, feeling of impending doom, itchy/red/watery eyes, headache, cramping of the uterus
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Watch this and identify the symptoms of anaphylaxis may include:
11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to allergens. 11.1.U8 Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U10 Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
The by initiating a primary immune response, resulting in the production of memory cells that can produce antibodies in response to the antigen
A person is exposed to the vaccine orally or by injection
Vaccines contain antigens in various forms that should not cause symptoms in a healthy person.
Mr Trent’s grandma comes into your medical practice and wants the latest flu vaccination. Can you help her?
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Oh Doctor Doctor
11.1.U10 Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.U10 Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
Vaccines contain antigens in various forms* that should not cause symptoms in a healthy person:
This was achieved by a worldwide vaccination programme. 1977 saw the last ever naturally occurring case of the disease in Somalia and in 1980 the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the disease ‘dead’.
Eradication programmes for other diseases has reduced the number of cases, but has been less successful:
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Smallpox (caused by the virus variola) was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
11.1.A1 Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
It was successful because of the following reasons -
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Smallpox (caused by the virus variola) was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
11.1.A1 Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
Modern medicine would consider Jenner’s testing procedure unethical:
Cowpox is a mild viral infection of cows, which is very similar to smallpox
In 1796 Edward Jenner deliberately infected an eight-year old boy with cowpox from pocks/blisters of a milkmaid with this disease.
Jenner repeated his initial on himself and a small group of people
Jenner then attempted to infect the boy with smallpox, but found that he was immune.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Smallpox (caused by the virus variola) was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
Nature of science: Consider ethical implications of research - Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox on a child. (4.5)
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Why are tumour cells used in mass producing antibodies?
11.1.U11 Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.A2 Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Create a positive, negative and faulty pregnancy test and describe the science behind them.
11.1.A2 Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies
Use the animations to find out how they work
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Create a positive, negative and faulty pregnancy test and describe the science behind them.
11.1.A2 Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Epidemiology is the study of the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases
11.1.S1 Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
Surveillance is critical to the control of Measles. Identifying and confirming suspected measles cases allows:
Most Member States submit monthly reports on suspected and confirmed measles cases identified through their national disease surveillance systems to the WHO.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.S1 Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
| Africa | | Eastern Mediterranean | | South-East Asia |
| | | | | |
| Americas | | Europe | | Western Pacific |
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.S1 Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
Using the Measles case distribution by month. Analyse the date to answer the following questions:
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
11.1.S1 Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
Using the Measles case distribution by month. Analyse the date to answer the following questions:
2. Identify the regions impacted mostly greatly by outbreaks.�SE Asia, Western Pacific and Africa show similar levels on incidence to other regions outside of outbreaks, but dominate the case count during outbreaks.
3. Since 2010 identify the regions in which the incidence of measles is:
4. Despite having an established vaccination programme in most countries Europe has seen a peak in Measles incidence between 2010 and 2013. Suggest a reason for this (hint: try an internet search on measles vaccination in Europe, in particular the UK).�The autism scare about the MMR vaccine wrongly lead people to choose not to have their children vaccinated – the evidence to support the scare was found to be false. This lead to outbreaks of Measles over a period of years when previously the disease had been well controlled.
11.1 Antibody Production and Vaccination
Quiz
Plenary