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Domestic vs Foreign

Domestic Policy	Foreign Policy The stands & actions a nation takes in its relationships and dealings with other countries.

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Introduction

How is foreign policy made and conducted?

Foreign policy is made by the President with the advice of the Secretary of State and State Department.
It is carried out in person by U.S. ambassadors and other diplomats, both individually and as members of international organizations.
It is also conducted by America’s stands on issues such as international trade, human rights, and international conflicts.

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Isolationism to Internationalism

For nearly 150 years U.S. foreign relations were based on isolationism, as U.S. leaders refused to get widely involved in foreign affairs.

From the 1940s on, the United States has played a major role in world affairs - interventionism.

Today America’s national security can be endangered by terrorism and foreign conflicts.
Additionally, the U.S. economy is now tied to the global economy.

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Foreign Policy, cont.

Foreign policy - stands & actions a nation takes in its relationships and dealings with other countries. These goals change over time.
The President is the nation’s chief diplomat.

Several Presidents �have tried to broker �Mideast peace �agreements.
According to the �cartoon, how �successful have �these efforts been?

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Secretary of State

The President appoints the Secretary of State, who is always a key cabinet member.

He or she helps make and conduct policy as well as managing the State department.

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State Department

The President looks to the State Department, the first executive department created by Congress, for advice and assistance in conducting U.S. foreign policy.

The department is divided into bureaus that deal with specific geographic regions or with specific foreign policy issues.

The State Department pursues four major foreign policy goals:

Protecting America
Advancing democracy
Protecting American values
Supporting diplomatic officials

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Diplomatic Immunity

Diplomats are not subject to the laws of the country they are serving in.
Persona non grata - diplomat being expelled from the country

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Protecting America

The State Department:

Maintains and strengthens diplomatic ties with other nations

Manages domestic and international travel and trade policies

Promotes global stability

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Advancing Democracy

The State Department:

Supports newly established democracies
Promotes fair voting practices and just legal systems
Monitors human �rights issues globally

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Promoting American Values

The State Department:

Uses government-supported and other media to provide information on American values to other peoples

Supports cultural exchange programs

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Supporting Diplomatic Officials

The State Department:

Uses the right of legation to send thousands of diplomats abroad

Protects American diplomats and others abroad under international law

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Ambassadors and Embassies

Ambassadors are appointed by the President with Senate approval and serve at the President’s pleasure.

Appointees range from political allies of the President to career diplomats.

The United States has embassies in more than 180 countries.

Foreign Service officers staff more than 260 diplomatic and consular offices as well. They encourage trade, gather intelligence, and aid American citizens abroad.

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Passport vs Visa

Passport

Legal document issued by the state that says a person is a citizen of that state.

Visa

Permit to enter another state obtained from the country you wish to enter.

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Section 2: �National Security

Civilian control of the military

An elected official is in charge of the military (President).
Worried that the military could try to take over the government if it was not under the control of an elected official.

Secretary of Defense – appointed by President

Chief aide and advisor to the President on defense policy
Operating Head of the Defense Department

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Armed Forces

Army - ground-based force for protecting US at home or around the world
Marines - to seize or defend land bases from which ships or air power can operate, carry out land operations essential to naval campaign
Navy - sea warfare

Air Force - first line of defense, air & aerospace operations

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Defense Department

Congress created the Defense Department in 1947, replacing the War and Navy Departments.

Today there are nearly 1.4 million men and women on active duty in the military.

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National Intelligence

Director of National Intelligence -

President’s chief advisor in all matters of intelligence. Supervises all intelligence agencies.
Espionage - Spying

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Dept. of Homeland Security

Protects US against Terrorism.
Border & Transport security
Infrastructure Protection
Emergency Preparedness & Response
Chemical, biological, radiological & nuclear defense
Information Analysis (Intelligence)

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Section 3: �American Foreign Policy

What is the basic purpose of American Foreign Policy?

Protect the security and well-being of the US.

Isolationism - Belief that the US should stick to its own internal affairs and stay out of the business of other countries.�
What was the main focus or idea of the Monroe Doctrine?

Warned European powers to stay out of the business of North & South America or it would be looked at as a danger to US peace & security.

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Manifest Destiny

What was meant by the “Manifest Destiny?”

The belief it was the “destiny” of the US to expand its boundaries all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

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Latin America

Theodore Roosevelt - US active in Latin American affairs

choosing sides, backing revolutions, building the Panama Canal

Franklin Roosevelt - Good Neighbor Policy

win friends in Latin America by reducing US interventions & interference in the region.

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Open Door Policy China

Open Door Policy with China

Equal trade access for all nations with China and that China’s independence be preserved.

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WW II & Policy Change

Destructiveness of WW II leads America to internationalism
Collective Security - International cooperation through things like the United Nations to work together against any nation that threatens the peace.
Deterrence - Having such a strong military that it will prevent or discourage an attack on the US.

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Alliances

In what ways does the United States cooperate with other nations?

The United States provides economic and military aid to foreign countries.

The United States belongs to a number of regional security alliances pledged to mutual defense.

The United States is a leading member of the United Nations & NATO

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Cold War Policies

Cold War is the period of time when the US and Soviet Union had hostile relations with one another but not all out war (“hot war”).�

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Cold War Policies

Truman Doctrine - US policy to counter the aggressive actions of the Soviet Union by aiding countries fighting to remain independent from Soviet control.

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Cold War Policies

Containment - the belief that if we could keep Communism from spreading to other countries, it would eventually fail & collapse.

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Close Calls

Blockade of Berlin by the Soviet Union.

Cuban Missile Crisis

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Vietnam’s Influence

Americans are reluctant to send troops into foreign conflicts for fear we will end up in a never ending war that we can’t win.

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Détente Policy

President Nixon’s detente policy that relaxed tensions between the US and China & Soviet Union by opening formal diplomatic ties.

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Easing of the Cold War

Ronald Reagan & Mikhail Gorbachev work to reduce tensions eventually leading nuclear arms agreement and eventual collapse of the Soviet Union.

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Modern Dangers

The modern world faces many threats.

Terrorist groups like ISIS oppose the United States.

Hostile nations such as Iran and North Korea may gain nuclear weapons.

Africa suffers from many conflicts.

The Middle East divides U.S. interests between the need for oil and American support for Israel. U.S. efforts to broker a peaceful solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict have had limited success.

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Section 4:�U.S. Foreign Aid

Early foreign aid, such as the Marshall Plan, was mainly economic and went mostly to Europe.

Today foreign aid is both military and economic.

Most aid goes to nations in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America.

Takes up 1% of Federal Budget

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NATO

How has NATO’s purpose changed?

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was originally formed to protect western Europe against Soviet aggression.

Since the collapse of the USSR, NATO has grown in size and is no longer focused on opposing the Soviets.

Today NATO is focused on crisis management and peacekeeping in Europe and around the world.

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The United Nations

The United Nations charter was written in San Francisco in 1945 after WW II.

The UN’s goals are:

Maintaining world peace and security
Developing friendly �relations among all �nations
Promoting justice �and solving �international disputes

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United Nations Goals

Peacekeeping
Economic & Social aid to poor countries
Health - battling global diseases
Environmental protection
Human Rights
Works with non-governmental organizations to solve problems

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General Assembly

Each UN member has a vote in the General Assembly, which regularly meets once a year in New York and in special sessions.

The Assembly has several functions.

It can debate issues and make nonbinding, but influential recommendations.
It elects the nonpermanent members of various UN councils and courts.
It can admit, suspend, or expel members.
It can propose amendments to the charter.

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Security Council

The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace.

It has 15 members. Five—the United States, China, Britain, France, and Russia—are permanent members. The other 10 serve two-year terms.

With the support of at least 9 members, the Council can call for sanctions, peace-keeping operations, or military action.

A permanent member can veto any major Security Council resolution.

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International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice - settles legal disputes between members & human rights violations (war crimes)

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