IMRAN SAMAR�PGT-HISTORY

JNV,CHURACHANDPUR,MANIPUR

CLASS-11^th HISTORY

Topic-Path To Modernization

​

CHINA AND JAPAN

• China and Japan have many physical differences.
• China is vast country that span many climatic zones.
• 3 River system in china –
• Yellow River
• Yangtse River
• Pearl River

CHINA

• The dominant ethnic group are HAN.
• Major language is CHINESE
• There are other nationalities such as,
• UIGHUR
• HUI
• MANCHU
• TIBETAN

CHINA

• Other languages spoken in China-
• CANTONESE
• SHANGHAINESE
• These are minority languages.

FOOD

• There are 4-distinct types of food.
• SOUTHERN Cantonese Cuisine (Ex: APPAM,KURUMA-DIMSUM)
• In the North, WHEAT is staple food.
• In SZECHUAN area spices brought by Buddhist monks in the ancient period along with the silk route created a fiery cuisine.
• In EASTERN CHINA, WHEAT and RICE.

JAPAN

• Japan is a string of islands.
• The 4-largest islands are
• HOKKAIDO
• HONSHU
• SHIKOKU
• KYUSHU

JAPAN

• More than 50% of the land area is of the main islands is mountainous area.
• Japan is situated on a very active earthquake zone.
• These geographical features influenced architecture.
• The population is largely JAPANESE.
• There are small AINU minorities

​

JAPAN

• There are KOREANS who were forcibly brought from KOREA when Korea was a Japanese colony.
• Lack the tradition of animal rearing.
• RICE is staple crop.
• FISH is major source of protein.
• RAW fish has become a widely popular dish around the world (SUSHI) as it is considered very healthy.

Political System

• An Emperor from KYOTO had ruled Japan.
• But by the 12^th century the imperial court lost power to SHOGUNS.
• They ruled in the name of Emperor.
• From 1603-1867 members of the TOKUGAWA family held the position of SHOGUN.

JAPAN

• The country was divided into over 250 domains under the rules of the feudal lords called DAIMYO.
• The shogun exercised power over the domainian lords ordering them to stay at the capital EDO (modern Tokyo) for long periods so that they would not pose a threat.
• The Shoguns also controlled the major cities and the mines.

JAPAN

• In the late 16^th century 3-changes laid the pattern for further development.

1.Peasants were disarmed and only Samurai could carry swords. This ensured peace and order ending frequent war of the previous years.

2.The Daimyo were ordered to live in the capitals of their domains each with large degree of autonomy.

3.Thirdly land surveys identified owners and tax payers.Graded land productivity to ensure a stable revenue.

ECONOMY

• Japan had large cities- EDO,OSAKA and KYOTO led to the growth of a commercial economy and a vibrant culture.
• Increased use of money and creation of Stock market led economy in new ways.
• The period witnessed some social and cultural changes. Chinese influence was questioned and study of Japanese literature promoted.

ECONOMY

• Japan was considered rich because it imported luxury goods like silk from CHINA and textile from INDIA.
• Japan paid these goods by GOLD.
• It created disturbance in economy.
• TOKUGAVA put restriction in export of metals.
• They also taken steps to start a silk industry in NISHINJIN in KYOTO to reduce the import.
• It shows that economy develop in new ways.

ISOLATION

• Throughout Japanese history , Japan had stayed isolated from foreigners.
• Internal discontent coincided with demands for trade and diplomatic relations.
• In 1853 the USA sent a strong navy under Commander MATHEW PERRY to Japan, to demand that the government sign a treaty that would permit trade and open diplomatic relations.

WHY

• Japan lay on the route to china which USA saw as a major market.
• Establish Coaling station, more trading partner and Harbor or Asylum for ship-wrecked sailors.
• Their ships in the pacific needed a place to refuel.
• At that time there was only one western country that traded with Japan, HOLLAND.

JAPAN

• Perry’s arrival had an important effect on Japanese politics.
• Emperor re-emerged as an important figure and became more powerful.
• In 1868, a movement forcibly removed shogun from power and brought the Emperor to EDO.
• This was made the capital and re-named TOKYO, which means eastern capital.
• Officials and people were aware that some European countries were building colonial empire in India and elsewhere.

JAPAN

• News of China being defeated by the British also heard.
• There was a real fear that Japan might be made a colony.
• Many scholars and leaders wanted to learn from the new ideas from the Europe.
• Other sought to exclude Europeans.
• Some argued for a gradual and limited opening to the outer world.
• Government launched a policy with slogan ‘FUKOKU KYOHEI’ (RICH COUNTRY STRONG ARMY)

JAPAN

• They realized that they needed a strong govt. and build a strong army.
• For this they needed to develop nationalism among the people.
• The new govt. also tried to build the ‘emperor system’- (king, bureaucracy and military – part of this system)
• Emperor was treated as the descendant of Sun Goddess and leader of westernization.
• His birthday was declared as national holiday.
• He wore western style military uniforms.

MEIJI REFORMS

Educational Reforms

• Universal and compulsory Education system for boys and girls began to be implemented from 1870s.
• Curriculum had been based on western ideas but emphasis was given on the study of Japanese history.
• Ministry of education controlled the curriculum.
• Providing training to teachers.
• Moral culture had to be taught – To respect parents ,be loyal to the nation and become good citizens.

Administrative Reforms

• The Meiji govt. introduced a new administrative system by altering old village and domain boundaries.
• Each administrative unit was to have sufficient revenue to maintain the local school and health facilities.
• It also served as a center of recruitment for the army.
• All young men over 20 had to undergo a period of military service.
• A modern military force was also developed.

Constitutional Reforms

• The govt. set up a legal system to regulate the formation of-

Political groups, control meetings and impose strict censorship.

• All these measures invited opposition.
• The tension between democratic constitution and a modern army had far reaching consequences.
• The army wanted to conquer more territory.
• This led war with China and Russia.
• Both war won by Japan.
• Japan developed economically and became a colonial power.

Modernizing Economy

• Govt. raised funds by levying agricultural taxes.
• Japan’s first Railway line from TOKYO to YOKOHAMA was built in 1870-72.
• Machines required for textile industry was imported from Europe.
• Foreign technicians employed to train workers and to teach universities and schools.
• Japanese students were sent abroad.
• In 1872, modern banking institution were introduced.

Modernizing Economy

• The govt. helped companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo providing subsidies and tax benefits to become major shipbuilders.
• So Japanese trade carried through Japanese ships.
• ZAIBATSU- large business organization controlled by indivisual families.
• They dominated the Japanese economy till second world war.
• The population increased from 35 million in 1872 to 55 million in 1920.
• To reduce the population govt. actively encouraged migration.

​

Social Changes

• People migrated first to northern islands HOKKAIDO.
• It was largely autonomous area where the indigenous people AINU lived.
• Then to HAWAI and BRAZIL the growing colonial empire of Japan.
• As industries developed, people shifted to towns.
• By 1925, 21% of population lived in cities.
• By 1935 this figure had gone up to 32%.

Industrial Workers

• The number of people in manufacturing increased 7,00,000 in 1870 to 40,00,000 in 1913.
• Most of them working in units employing less than 5 people neither machinery nor electric power.
• Over half of those employed in modern factories were women.
• It was women who organized first modern strike in 1866.
• In 1900 number of men began to increase but only in 1930s men outnumber women.
• The size of the factories enlarged from less than 5 workers to more than 100 workers.

JAPAN

• The rapid and unregulated growth of the industry led to environmental destruction.
• TANAKA SHOZO, elected to the first house of representatives, launched first agitation against industrial pollution in 1897 with 800 villagers in mass protest forcing the govt.to take action

Aggressive Nationalism

• The Meiji constitution had created a parliament called DIET with limited powers.
• Those leaders who restored Meiji govt, controlled power.
• They founded political parties and formed ministries.
• Gradually, they lost power to national unity and cabinets formed accordingly to party lines.
• The Emperor was the commander of the army.
• It was interpreted that the army and the navy had independent authority.

​

Aggressive Nationalism

• In 1899, the Prime Minister ordered that only military generals and admirals could become ministers.
• All these strengthened the army.
• The strengthening of army was related with the fear that Japan was at the mercy of the western powers.

Westernization and Tradition

• There were different views on Japan’s relation with other countries.
• Some intellectuals like Fukazawa Yukichi, expressed the view that the Japan must ‘expel Asia’.
• By this he meant that Japan mustshed its ‘Asian characterstics and become part of the west’.

JAPAN

• The next generation questioned this acceptance of western ideas.
• Urged that national pride be built on indigenous values.
• The philosopher MIYAKE SETSUREI argued that each nation must develop its special talents in the interest of world civilization.

JAPAN

• Many intellectuals were attracted to western liberalism and wanted a democratic Japan rather than a military one.
• UKEI EMORI, a leader of popular rights movement, demanded the establishment of a constitutional government.

JAPAN

• He argued for a popular sovereignty.
• Spoke for liberal education that would develop each indivisual.
• FREEDOM is more precious than ORDER.
• Others advocated voting rights for women.
• This pressure lead the govt. to announce a constitution.

Daily Life

• The transformation into a modern society was also reflected in the daily life of the people.
• The patriarchal family system gave way to nuclear family system.
• The new concept of family system had created new demands for new types of domestic goods, houses and family entertainment.

Daily Life

• The new middle class families enjoyed new forms of travel and entertainment.
• Transport in cities improved with electronic trams.
• Public parks were opened from 1878.
• In Tokyo the Ginza became a center of fashionable area.
• The first radio station opened in 1925.
• Movies began to be made in 1899.
• Many companies began to make films.

Re-emerging as a Global Economic Power.

• Japan’s attempt to carve out a colonial empire ended with its defeat by allied forces.
• Nuclear bombs were dropped Hiroshima and Nagasaki shorten the war.
• Under US led occupation 1945-47 was demilitarized and a new constitution introduced.
• Agrarian reforms, the re-establishment of trade unions and an attempt to dismantle monopoly houses (Zaibastu) etcwere put into practice.
• First post war election held in 1946 where women voted 1^st time.

Post War Miracle

• The rebuilding of Japanese economy after defeat was called a post war miracles. Its roots can be seen in its long history.
• The demand created by the Korean and the Vietnamese wars also helped the Japanese economy.
• The 1964 Olympics in Tokyo are often said to mark the re-emergence of Japan.
• Shinkansen high speed rail network ( Bullet Trains)
• The problem of industrialization had its effect on health and environment.

Post War Miracle

• Cadmium poisoning was followed by mercury poisoning in Minamata in the 1960s.
• Air pollution caused problem in the 1970s.
• The 1960s witnessed the growth of civil society movements.
• By 1980s the Govt. took strong measures to regulate environmental issues.
• Today as a developed country it faces the challenge of using its political and technological capabilities to maintain its position as a leading world power.

​

CHINA

• The modern history of china centered around 3 questions-

1.How to regain sovereignty?

2.How to end the humiliation of foreign occupation?

3.How to bring equality and development?

​

CHINA

• Views of 3 groups of China regarding the issue-

1.The early reformers such as KANG YOUWEI (1858-1927) or LIANG QICHAO (1873-1929) tried to use traditional ideas in new and different ways to meet the challenges posed by the west.

2.Republican revolutionaries such as SUN YAT-SEN, the first president of Republic, were inspired by ideas from Japan and the west.

3.The Communist Party of China wanted to end age-old inequalities and drive out the foreigners.

​

Establishing the Republic

• The Machu empire was overthrown and a republic established in 1911 under Dr. SUN YAT SEN who is regarded as the founder of modern China.

Dr. SUN YAT SEN (1866-1925)

He came from a poor family and studied in missionary schools where he was attracted to Democracy, Christianity and Studied medicine but was greatly concerned about the fate of China.

​

Establishing the Republic

• Revolutionaries were asked for driving out the foreigners to control natural resources, to remove inequalities and reduce poverty.
• Revolutionaries advocated reforms – use of simple language , abolish foot binding and female subordination, equality in marriage and economic development.
• Sun Yat-Sen’s ideas based on the 4-great needs;
• Clothing
• Food
• Housing
• Transportation

​

Establishing the Republic

• After the republican revolution the country entered a period of turmoil.
• The Guomindang (the National People’s Party) and the CCP emerged as major forces striving to unite the country and bring stability.

The Guomindang Party

Sun Yat-Sen’s ideas became the basis of the political philosophy of the Guomindang.

After the death of Sun, Chiang kai-shek emerged as the leader.

The Guomindang

• Chiang Kai-shek launched a military campaign to control the warlords, regional leaders and to eliminate the communists .He sought to militarise the nation.
• He encouraged women to cultivate the 4-virtues of ‘charities , appearance ,speech and work’ and recognize their role as confined to the household.

CHINA

• The Guomindang’s social base was in urban areas.
• Urban workers , particularly women, earned very low wages. Working hours were long and condition of work bad.
• Peeking University was established in 1902.
• Journalism flourished- the popular Life Weekly, edited by ZAO TAOFAN(1895-1944) was so famous and it introduced to readers new ideas and leaders like GANDHI and MUSTAFA KAMAL PASHA.

​

​

​

CHINA

• In 1928 a national govt. was set up by the Guomindang and Chiang kai-shek elected as president.
• But the govt. failed in all respect- its narrow social base, neglect the peasantry , not consider the rising inequality. Naturally failed to implement the socialist concept of Dr. Sun.
• Instead of solving the popular issues Kai-shek tried to impose a military order.

​

​

Rise of Chinese Communist Party

• In 1937 Japan attacked China- instead of resist the Guomindang supported.
• Long war weekend the country – price hike 30% per month – misery of the people.
• Rural China faced 2-crisis;
• 1.Ecological with soil exhaustion, deforestation and flood.
• 2.Social and economic, exploitative land tenure system, indebtedness, primitive technology and poor transaction system.

Chinese Communist Party

• CCP was formed in 1921 after Russian Revolution.
• Soviet support to spread the ideology.
• Radical change by MAO ZEDONG(1893-1976), the most prominent leader of CCP .
• He took a different path by basing his revolutionary programme on the peasantry
• His success made the CCP a powerful political force that ultimately won against the Guomidang.

The Long March (1934-35)

• Mao set up a new camp at the mountainous area of Jiangxi, where they camped from 1928 to 1934, secure from Kuomintang attack.
• A strong peasants’ council(soviet) was organized.
• United through confiscation and redistribution of land . Stressed the need for an independent govt. and army-he become aware of women’s problems-rural women’s associations.

The Long March(1934-35)

• The Kuomintang blockade of the Communist Soviet forced the party to seek another base.
• This led them to go on what come to be called the long march.
• From Jianxi to the new base Yenan.(6000 miles away)
• CCP developed their programme-end war-lordism, carry out land reforms and fight foreign imperialism.
• Its consequence – importance – CCP emerged as a strong and popular in China under Mao.

Establishing the New Democracy:1949-65

• The Peoples Republic of China was established in 1949.
• It was based on the principals of the ‘New Democracy’.
• Economy was placed under govt. control.
• Private enterprise and private ownership of land abolished.

The Great Leap Forward Movement

• Launched in 1958 to galvanize the country to industrialize rapidly.
• People set up steel furnaces in backyards.
• People’s communes(where land would be collectively owned and cultivated) were started in the rural areas.
• Mao was able to mobilize the masses to attain the goals set by the party.
• Mao’s concern was creating a socialist man and five love- fatherland , people ,labor, science and public property.

Great Proletarian Culture Revolution

• Conflict between the concept of socialist man and its critics resulted in the launching of Great Proletarian Culture Revolution in 1965.
• Red guards(students and army) was used against old culture , old customs and old habits.
• Students and professionals were sent to village to learn from masses.
• Ideology and slogan replaced rational debates.
• The cultural revolution weakened the party.

Reforms from 1978 and Deng Xiaoping

• Deng Xiaoping kept party control strong while introducing a socialist market economy.
• The party declared its goal as 4-modernisations;
• Science
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Defence
• The 5^th modernization proclaimed Democracy.

Reforms from 1978 and Deng Xiaoping

• In 1989 many intellectuals called for a greater openness and an end to ‘ossified dogmas’ (sushaozhi)
• Students demonstrators at Tianmen Square in Beijing were brutally repressed.
• The post-reform period saw the emergence of debates on ways to develop China.

The Story Of Taiwan

• Chiang Kai-shek defeated by the CCP fled in 1949 to Taiwan with over 300 million US Dollar in gold reserves and other precious items and established the Republic of China.
• Taiwan had been a Japanese colony since the Chinese ceded it after the 1894-95 war with Japan.
• The Cairo Declaration (1943) and the Potsdam Proclamation (1949) restored sovereignty to China.
• The GMD under Kai-shek established a repressive govt.
• Freedom of speech banned.

​

The Story Of Taiwan

• He excluded local people from positions of power.
• They introduced land reforms to increase productivity and modernize the economy.
• The death of kaishek in 1975 marked the transformation of Taiwan into a Democracy.
• Martial law lifted in 1987.
• Free elections brought the local Taiwanese to power.
• The reunification with China remains a major issue.
• A semi autonomous Taiwan may be acceptable to China.

​

THANKS

IMRAN SAMAR

PGT-HISTORY

JNV, CHURACHANDPUR, MANIPUR