Bell Ringer 10/27

During the 19th century industrial revolution, how did technological developments improve life in America? How did they negatively affect people’s lives?

​

Give specific answers in complete sentences.

Bell Ringer 11/10

1. Write down three inventions that improve people’s lives.
2. Write down three inventions that have a negative impact.

Early 19th c. Industrialization

1800-1860

The Big Idea

• The Industrial Revolution transformed the way goods were produced in the United States.
• The invention of new machines in Great Britain led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
• The development of new machines and processes brought the Industrial Revolution to the United States.
• Despite a slow start in manufacturing, the United States made rapid improvements during the War of 1812.

​

Across the Pond

• Most people at the beginning of the 1700s were farmers, who made most of what they needed by hand.
• Skilled workers, such as blacksmiths, carpenters, and shoemakers, made goods by hand in the towns.
• People began using machines to make the manufacturing process more efficient.
• The Industrial Revolution, a period of rapid growth using machines to make goods, arose in Great Britain in the mid-1700s.

Development of new machines in the United States

• Samuel Slater brought the secrets of textile mill manufacturing from Great Britain to the United States.
• The textile industry arose in the Northeast, introducing the Industrial Revolution to the United States.

Rapid Development during the War of 1812

• Lower British prices on manufactured goods made it difficult for American manufacturing to grow.
• American manufacturing was limited to cotton goods, flour milling, weapons, and iron products.
• The War of 1812 cut off trade with Great Britain, allowing manufacturing in the United States to prosper and expand.
• Americans realized that the United States had been relying too heavily on foreign goods.

Manufacturing Breakthroughs

• U.S. factories needed better technology, or tools, to manufacture muskets.
• Inventor Eli Whitney developed musket factories using water-powered machinery.
• Whitney introduced the idea of interchangeable parts, or parts of a machine that are identical, to make musket manufacturing easier.
• Interchangeable parts sped up the process of mass production.

The Lowell System

• Francis Cabot Lowell created a new system of mill manufacturing in 1814, called the Lowell system.
• The Lowell system involved
• Employing young, unmarried women, who were housed in boarding houses
• Providing clean factories and free-time activities for its employees
• Having mills that included both spinning thread and weaving in the same plant
• Wages and working conditions worsened over time and strikes occurred.

Deteriorating Working Conditions

​

• Employees worked 12-to-14 hour days in unhealthy conditions.
• Craftsmen’s wages dropped in competition against cheap manufactured goods.
• Wages of factory workers dropped as they competed for jobs.

​

Trade Unions Form

• Craftsmen formed trade unions to gain higher wages and better working conditions.
• Factory workers also formed labor unions.
• Labor unions staged protests called strikes, refusing to work until employers met their demands.

​

Transportation Revolution affects Daily Life

• The 1800s gave rise to Transportation Revolution: period of rapid growth in new means of transportation
• Transportation Revolution created a boom in business by reducing shipping costs and time
• Two new forms of transportation were steamboats and steam-powered trains
• Goods, people, and information were able to travel rapidly and efficiently across the United States.

Now...

Finish and Turn in Monroe Doctrine Worksheet (and Review Question Worksheet)

Then start working on Invention Poster (use notes and p. 195-199 in textbook to help)

Pick two inventions from the 1800s

Poster should include:

• Picture of each invention
• Who the inventors were
• History of the invention
• Explanation on how the inventions work
• Explain how each invention improved life for Americans
• Color it.

​

Good morning

Grab a chromebook and begin signing on

Pick up notes on cart

You will complete your notes from Friday with the notes you just picked up today.

Go to goo.gl/nBghd6 Use slides 15-23

Then...

• Finish your Tackk Assignment and send me link.
• Next finish your invention poster and turn in.
• Then pick up Industrialization Review Questions and begin working on that for a grade.

Steamboat

• Robert Fulton invented the steamboat, testing the Clermont in 1807.
• Steamboats increased trade by moving goods more quickly and more cheaply.
• More than 500 steamboats were in use by 1840.

​

​

Steam Engine drives a Revolution

http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/videos/steam-engine-drives-transportation-revolution

​

Railroads

• Steam-powered trains had been developed in Great Britain, but it took 30 years for the idea to catch on in the United States.
• Peter Cooper raced his locomotive against a horse in 1830, proving its power and speed despite losing because of a breakdown near the end of the race.
• About 30,000 miles of railroads linked American cities by 1860.
• The U.S. economy surged as railroads moved goods cheaply to distant markets.

​

Railroads

• People in all areas of the nation had access to products made and grown far away.
• Railroads contributed to the expansion of the nation’s borders.
• Cities and towns grew up along railroad tracks.

Impact of Railroads

• Coal replaced wood as a source of fuel as trains grew bigger.
• Railroads helped create the coal industry.
• Coal, shipped cheaply on trains, became the main fuel in homes and in the emerging steel industry.
• Railroads helped the lumber industry grow, leading to large-scale deforestation.
• Railroads caused cities to grow, including Chicago, which became a transportation hub.

Shift to Steam Power

• The shift from water power to steam power allowed owners to build factories anywhere.
• Factories were shifted closer to cities and transportation centers.
• Cities became centers of industrial growth.

The Telegraph

The telegraph made swift communication possible from coast to coast.

​

• In 1832, Samuel F. B. Morse perfected the telegraph—a device that could send information over wires.
• The device did not catch on until the 1844 Democratic National Convention, when the nomination was telegraphed to Washington.
• A Morse associate created Morse code to communicate messages over the wires.
• Morse code turned pulses of electric current into long and short clicks.
• Clicks, also called dots and dashes, were arranged in patterns representing letters of the alphabet.
• The telegraph grew with the railroad; the first transcontinental railroad line was completed in 1861.

​

Farming Equipment

• John Deere designed a steel plow in 1837 that replaced the less efficient iron plow.
• Cyrus McCormick developed a mechanical reaper in 1831, which quickly and efficiently harvested wheat.
• McCormick used a new method to encourage sales, advertising.
• He also allowed people to buy on credit and provided repairs and spare parts for his machines.
• These inventions allowed farmers to plant and harvest huge crop fields, helping the country prosper.

​

Advances in the Household

• The sewing machine, invented by Elias Howe and improved by Isaac Singer, made home sewing easier.
• Ice boxes and iron cookstoves improved household storage and preparation of food.
• Mass-produced goods, such as clocks, matches, and safety pins, added convenience to households.

American Railroad

http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/transcontinental-railroad/videos/american-railroad

​

Spread of Mills in the Northeast

• Factory jobs usually involved simple, repetitive tasks done for low pay.
• Could not find workers because of the simple work and the fact that other jobs were available
• The mill industry filled jobs by hiring whole families, and paying children low wages.
• Built housing for workers and provided a company store
• Samuel Slater’s strategy of hiring families and dividing factory work into simple tasks was called the Rhode Island system.

​

Changes in Working Life

• The introduction of factories changed working �life for many Americans.
• The spread of mills in the Northeast changed workers’ lives.
• The Lowell system revolutionized the textile industry in the Northeast.
• Workers organized to reform working conditions.

​

Labor Reform Efforts

• Millworker Sarah G. Bagley helped lead the union movement in Massachusetts.
• Bagley’s union campaigned to reduce the 12-to 14-hour workday to a 10-hour workday.
• Union workers won some victories, as several states passed 10-hour workday laws.
• In other states the workday remained long and child labor prevailed.

Transportation Revolution

• New forms of transportation improved business, travel, and communications in the United States.
• The Transportation Revolution affected trade and daily life.
• The steamboat was one of the first developments of the Transportation Revolution.
• Railroads were a vital part of the Transportation Revolution.
• The Transportation Revolution brought many changes to American life and industry.