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MAN AND MEDICINE –TOWARDS HEALTH FOR ALL��DR TIMSY JAIN�PROFESSOR

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The OVERVIEW

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1.MEDICINE IN ANTIQUITY-5000B.C

2.DAWN OF SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE-1500A.D

3.MODERN MEDICINE-1900A.D

4.MEDICAL REVOLUTION-EARLY 20TH CENTURY

5.HEALTH CARE REVOLUTION –LATE 20TH CENTURY

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MEDICINE IN ANTIQUITY-[5000BC]

  • A.PRIMITIVE MEDICINE
  • B.INDIAN MEDICINE
  • C.CHINESE MEDICINE
  • D.EGYPTIAN MEDICINE
  • E.MESOPOTAMIAN MEDICINE
  • F.GREEK MEDICINE
  • G.ROMAN MEDICINE

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PRIMITIVE MEDICINE

  • Prehistoric man believed in superstition,religion,magic and witchcraft.
  • Concept-the supernatural theory of disease”…ex. leprosy is Considered as a punishment for ones past sin.
  • Though primitive man is extinct their progeny –traditional healers” are found everywhere.

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INDIAN MEDICINE

    • God of Indian medicine-Dhanvanthri.
    • Atharvanaveda (one of the 4 Vedas)-ayurveda
    • 4 authorities-Atreya,Charaka,Sushruta,Vaghbhatt
    • Atreya -first great Indian physician
    • Charaka - Charaka Samhita
    • Susruta-father of Indian surgery- Sushruta Samhita
    • Concept-tridosha theory of disease[vata,pitta,kapha]
    • Unani-Muslim rulers-13th century
    • Homeopathy-Sameul Hahnemann

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CHINESE MEDICINE -2700 BC

    • Two principles –” THE YANG AND THE YIN”
    • CONCEPT- the balance between active masculine principle and negative feminine principle.
    • Early pioneers of immunisation.
    • Recent attention to ‘BAREFOOT DOCTORS’ AND ACCUPUNTURE.

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EGYPTIAN MEDICINE-2000 BC

IMHOTEP-doctor and divinity.

“EDWIN SMITH PAPYRUS” AND “EBERS PAPYRUS” – the best medical manuscripts of Egyptian times.

their god of health- “HORUS”

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MESOPOTAMIAN MEDICINE-2100 BC

  • “CRADLE OF CIVILISATION”
  • “CODE OF HAMMURABI” – laws that governed the conduct of physicians and provided for health practices.
  • Though this code reflected a high degree of social organisation, it lacked scientific foundation.

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GREEK MEDICINE-(460-136 BC)��

  • AESCULAPIUS-bore two daughters- “HYGIEA(PREVENTION)” and “PANACEA”(CURE).
  • Serpent entwined around the rod –”SYMBOL OF MEDICINE”.
  • HIPPOCRATES – “THE FATHER OF MEDICINE”.
  • “CORPUS HIPPOCRATIUM”-lectures.
  • “HIPPOCRATIC OATH” – keystone of medical ethics.
  • BOOK- “AIR,WATER AND PLACES”
  • 4 ELEMENTS-earth , air , fire and water.

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ROMAN MEDICINE-130-205 AD

  • Public health importance
  • GALEN-physician to Marcus aurelius-concept-predisposing , exciting and environmental factors.
  • Galen was a medical dictator during his time.
  • His theories were challenged only 1500 years after his death by Vesalius and William Harvey.

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SANITARY AWAKENING-MID 19TH CENTURY

EDWIN CHADWICK- “the sanitary condition of labouring population in great Britain”.

landmark in the history of public health.

“GREAT SANITARY AWAKENING” led to the PUBLIC HEALTH ACT OF 1848 IN ENGLAND.

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RISE OF PUBLIC HEALTH-1848

  • CHOLERA – FATHER OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
  • JOHN SNOW – FATHER OF MODERN EPIDEMIOLOGY, CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN ENGLAND (1854)-spot map of 13 public wells-found cluster of cases around one water pump-unknown bacteria-vibrio cholera)
  • WILLIAM BUDD-concluded that spread of typhoid was by drinking water.
  • SIR JOHN SIMON-first medical officer of health of london- “DISEASE CONTROL PHASE”.

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Germ theory of disease

  • LOUIS PASTEUR(1873)- “GERM THEORY OF DISEASE”.
  • ROBERT KOCH(1843-1910)-anthrax was caused by a bacteria.
  • Golden age of bacteriology.
  • Gonococcus -1847
  • Thyphoid,pneumococcus-1880
  • Tubercle baccilus -1882.
  • Cholera vibrio-1883.

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BIRTH OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

  • JAMES LIND(1716-1794)-Fresh fruits and vegetables for the prevention of scurvy.
  • EDWARD JENNER(1749-1823)-Vaccination against small pox.
  • Later part of 19th century- Pastuers antirabies treatment,cholera vaccine,diptheria antitoxin…

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Modern Medicine-1900a.d

  • Pettenkoffer of munich(1819-1901)- “Multifactorial causation” – social economic, genetic…as diseases like cancer ,diabetes, cardiovascular accidents could not be explained based on germ theory.

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HEALTH CARE REVOLUTION

  • HEALTH FOR ALL –

The 30th world health assembly in may 1977-international objective of health for all by the year 2000.

  • WHO OBJECTIVE of “attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health”-to work productively And actively Pariticipate in the social life.
  • Health for all means that health is to be brought within the reach of everyone in a community.
  • Removal of obstacle – like malnutrition , disease , contaminated water supply.

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