Developmental Psychology
Nursing Instructor
Faiq Ali
BSN, LUMHS Jamshoro
Beacon Institute of Nursing Qasimabad,Hyderabad
Unit No. 02
Infancy (0-2 years)
Infancy
(initial two years of life after birth)
This stage is remarkable in the rapid growth.
If good nutrition is given, children almost triple weight and increase in size.
Their motor development also starts and they can such as finger placed in the mouth, and turn their head in the direction of touch.
Objectives
At the end of chapter/unit the learners will be able:
-To know about growth & motor development
-To gain the knowledge about cognitive development
-To know about what is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
-Freud’s interpretation and parent-child relationship
-Erickson’s stage of Psycho-social development trust and autonomy
Growth and Motor Development
Growth:
Growth refers to an increase in amount of a certain characteristics, and usually is applied to physical characteristic.
Eg: Height, weight, width, length
Motor development
Is the study of child’s ability to use his muscles in the environment.
For example: Jumping, sitting, catching, kicking etc..
The arte of development depends upon heredity as well as the environment.
The recent research has shown that “early stimulation and teaching can have remote benefits, but pre-mature training can be wasteful & even harmful if its in frustration”.
For example: Child can’t be taught to walk before he has reached the appropriate stage of maturity.
Mile stone of Motor Development
1. 4 week ----- arms & legs activity
2. 8 week ----- head erects
3. 16 week ---- eyes focusing on mother/turns head on hearing noise
4. 20 week ---- turns to back side
5. 28 week ---- crawls & sits alone—reaches out for toys
6. 40 week ---- can grasp toys b/w fingers & thumb
7. 52 week ---- creeps(to move cautiously) about freely
8. 15 months –- begins to walk & speaks a few words
9. 18 months –- bladder controlling
Cognitive Development
(thought process, memory & language abilities)
Cognitive development means “the development of the ability to think and reason”
Children ages 6 to 12, usually think in concrete ways (concrete operations). This can include things like how to combine, separate, order, and transform objects and actions.
Or
Cognitive development is a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology.
Jean William Fritz Piaget
(August 9,1896 - September 16, 1980)
Swiss psychologist developed the theory of cognitive
development, suggests that children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.
Piaget’s theory of development defined in 4 stages:
1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
2. Pre-operational stage (2-7 years)
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
4. Formal operational stage
(11 years old through adulthood)
Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage
(0-2 years)
Children learn object permanence, child makes his behavior to the environment.
During this period, your little one learns:
-about the world by using their senses to interact with their surroundings,
-personal experience to develop knowledge, even when they aren’t taught or influenced by other children or adults.
-have an internal motivation to learn, so rewards for learning generally aren’t necessary.
Basic reflexes�sucking, grasping, rooting (turning head towards touch on cheek), startle reflex, and the Babinski reflex; essentially, any involuntary movement a newborn uses to interact with their environment, primarily through sensory input and basic motor actions like reaching or sucking.
Freud’s Interpretation and Parent-Child Relationship
“Some thing special between father and son is created by a repressed longing for the mother on the boy’s part”, according to Freud.
It would be useful for parents to understand the issues that arise during child development, such as:
1. Oral stage (0-18 months)
Relaxation & satisfaction in infancy is gained during feeding and sucking.
2. Anal stage (2-3 years)
Elimination is satisfying activity in this stage.
3. Phallic stage (3-6 years)
This is next stage of sexual satisfaction.
4. Latency stage (6-11 years)
Children repress their sexual impulses.
5. Genital stage (12 & beyond)
Conscious sexuality resurfaces after years of repression.
Erickson’s stage of Psycho-Social Development Trust and Autonomy
Trust (birth to 1 year)
Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of the caregiver. If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and is able to secure even threatened.
Autonomy (1-3 years)
Child wants independence as by walking away from mother, making choice in wearing dresses etc…